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First Edition The Guppy Color Manual Explorations of Guppy Color Biology and Genetics Francis Sacibas
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The Guppy Color Manual Explorations of Guppy Color Biology and Genetics
First Edition June 2012
The Guppy Color Manual: Explorations in Guppy Color Biology and Genetics © 2012 Philip Shaddock This book is copyrighted and may not be reproduced in whole or in part. If you wish to quote more than a few lines from the book or use any of its figures, graphics or images, please contact Philip Shaddock through the Guppy Designer website: www.guppydesigner.com. If you find inaccuracies or mistakes in the book, please contact Philip Shaddock through the Guppy Designer site. Your help would be very much appreciated. www.guppydesigner.com Support for this book is provided on the Guppy Designer facebook page Discuss the papers with the author and other members of the site. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents Foreword
9
Preface
11
Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1 The Study of Guppy Color 15 The Birth of Guppy Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Mining the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 The First Guppy Color Cell Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Developmental Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 The Discovery of Gene Regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Guppy Color Layering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 The Fourth Dimension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 The Multipotent Color Cell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Puppets on A Stage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Evo-Devo: A New Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2 The Color Cells 27 Color and Water Depth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 The Skin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 The Color Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Two Different Embryonic Origins of Color Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Color Cell Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Color Cell Biochemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Pigment Color Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Melanophores (Black Color Cells) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Dermal Melanophores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Types of Melanophores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Melanosomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Pigment Color Cells: Red and Yellow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Carotenoids and Pteridines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Guppy Orange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Pteridine Biosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Pigment Blues Versus Reflective Blues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Guppy Sun Tan Lotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 The Structural Color Cells of the Guppy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Common Types of Iridophores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Comparing Leucophores and Iridophores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Reflecting Platelets of the Iridophores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Mosaic Color Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Color Cell Motility (Chameleon Effect). . . . . . . . . . . . .