Laser Cladding

Laser Cladding Laser Cladding Ehsan Toyserkani Amir Khajepour Stephen Corbin CRC PR E S S Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2005 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-2172-7 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper Dedications Ehsan Toyserkani To my father and mother, who taught me to learn. To my beloved wife and son, Homeyra and Ali, who have truly brought joy in my life. Amir Khajepour To my son and wife for the joy and comfort you have given to my life, and my family for your support. Stephen Corbin To the memory of my sister, Pamela Corbin, who was an enthusiastic and passionate teacher for over 20 years. Pamela inspired my own interest in the field of education which ultimately led to my academic career. © 2005 by CRC Press LLC Preface Laser cladding by powder injection has received significant attention in recent years due to its unique features and capabilities in various industries involved in metallic coating, high-value components repair, prototyping, and low-volume manufacturing. This emerging laser material processing technique is an interdisciplinary technology utilizing laser technology, computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM), robotics, sensors and control, and powder metallurgy and rapid solidification. Further development of this technique depends on enhancement of the technologies involved and understanding the interconnections among these technologies and the process quality. A good comprehension of the underlying physics of the laser cladding process is key in the development of the process as a reliable coating and manufacturing technology. In addition to a good grasp of feedback control and