It is estimated that there are about 10 million organic chemicals known, and about 100,000 new organic compounds are produced each year. Some of these new chemicals are made in the laboratory and some are isolated from natural products. The structural determination of these compounds is the job of the chemist. There are several instrumental techniques used to determine the structures of organic compounds. These include NMR, UV/visible, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. Of all the instrumental techniques listed, infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are the two most popular techniques, mainly because they tend to be less expensive and give us the most structural information.
This book is an introductory text designed to acquaint undergraduate and graduate students with the basic theory and interpretative techniques of mass spectrometry. Much of the material in this text has been used over a period of several years for teaching courses in materials characterization and chemical analysis. It presents the mass spectra of the major classes of organic compounds and correlates the fragmentation pattern of each spectrum with the structural features of the compound it represents. This has been done for hydrocarbons, organic acids, ketones, aldehydes, esters, anhydrides, phenols, amines, and amides. The text discusses the origin of the fragments, techniques, innovations, and applications in mass spectrometry. It is interspersed with many illustrations, examples, an adequate but not overwhelming bibliography, and problems for students. It will serve as a lecture text for a one-semester course in mass spectrometry or can be used to teach the mass spectra portion of a broader course in material characterization and chemical analysis.
Mass Spectrometry
Pan Stanford Series on Renewable Energy — Volume 2
Mass Spectrometry
editors
James M. Thompson
Preben Maegaard Anna Krenz Wolfgang Palz
The Rise of Modern Wind Energy
Wind Power
for the World
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Published by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. Penthouse Level, Suntec Tower 3 8 Temasek Boulevard Singapore 038988 Email:
[email protected] Web: www.panstanford.com British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Mass Spectrometry c 2018 Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. Copyright All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher.
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher.
ISBN 978-981-4774-77-2 (Hardback) ISBN 978-1-351-20715-7 (eBook)
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To my daughter, Christine
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November 14, 2017 9:24
PSP Book - 9in x 6in
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Contents
Preface Acknowledgments
xi xiii
1 Some Fundamentals of Mass Spectrometry 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Mass Spectrometer 1.2.1 The Magnetic Sector Mass Spectrometer 1.2.2 The Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer 1.2.3 The Tim