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ON CIVIC FRIENDSHIP
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COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS Publisher Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex cup.columbia.edu Copyright © 2009 Columbia University Press All rights reserved E-ISBN 978-0-231-51948-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Schwarzenbach, Sibyl A. On civic friendship: including women in the state / Sibyl A. Schwarzenbach. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-231-14722-4 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-231-14723-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-231-51948-9 (e-book) 1. Women in politics—United States. 2. Women’s rights—United States. 3. Feminist theory—United States. 4. Liberalism—United States. 5. Democracy— United States. I. Title. HQ1236.5. U6S39 2009 320.973082—dc22 2009000815 A Columbia University Press E-book. CUP would be pleased to hear about your reading experience with this e-book at
[email protected] References to Internet Web sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor Columbia University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared.
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Permission from the publishers to reprint parts of the following articles is gratefully acknowledged: “On Civic Friendship,” Ethics 107 (1996): 97–128; “A Political Reading of the Reproductive Soul in Aristotle,” History of Philosophy Quarterly 9, no. 3 (1992): 243–64; “Locke’s Two Conceptions of Property” Social Theory and Practice 14 (1988): 141–72; and “Rawls and Ownership: The Forgotten Category of Reproductive Labor,” Canadian Journal of Philosophy, suppl. 13 (1987): 139–67. Designed by Martin N. Hinze
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IN MEMORY OF MY FATHER Robert Maximilian Schwarzenbach (1917–1988) my first civic friend AND FOR Jeff
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CONTENTS
PREFACE: A PARADOX OF DEMOCRACY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
1. Introduction: Metaphor and Theory Change 1.1 THE PROBLEM OF SOCIAL UNITY 1.2 LOCKE’S METAPHOR OF MIXING ONE’S LABOR 1.3 THE NEED FOR A NEW METAPHOR 1.4 REMARKS ON PHILOSOPHICAL METHOD
PART I THE PAST 2. The Forgotten Category of Ethical Reproduction 2.1 THE PRESUMED NONRATIONALITY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SOUL 2.2 ARISTOTLE’S HUMAN FUNCTION ARGUMENT 2.3 AN ETHICAL READING OF REPRODUCTION (THE THREPTIKON) 2.4 PRODUCTION VERSUS REPRODUCTION 2.5 ETHICAL REPRODUCTIVE PRAXIS 2.6 PERSONAL FRIENDSHIP (PHILIA) 2.7 POLITICAL FRIENDSHIP 2.8 CONCLUSION
3. The Liberal Production Model 3.1 DEVELOPMENTS OF THE MODERN PERIOD 3.2 LOCKE AND THE PRODUCTION MODEL 3.3 STEWARDSHIP VERSUS PRIVATE PROPERTY 3.4 TWO MODELS OF POLITICAL AUTONOMY 3.5 THE MODERN CITIZEN AS PRODUCER AND THE TWO MORAL POWERS 3.6 A BRIEF NOTE ON UTILITARIANISM 3.7 CONCLUSION
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4. The Socialist Turn: Missing Faculties 4.1 THE ARISTOTELIAN INFLUENCE 4.2 MARX’S 1844 MANUSCRIPTS 4.3 RAWLS’S MISREADING OF MARX 4.4 THE ABSENCE OF THE CATEGORY OF REPRODUCTIVE PRAXIS 4.5 THE EMOTIONS AND THEIR ROLE IN PRACTICAL REASON 4.6 THE WORK OF CARE (VERSUS SYMPATHY) 4.7 MARX’S “COPERNICAN REVOLUTION” 4.8 SOCIAL LABOR: MISSING FACULTIES
PART II THE PRESENT 5. The Possibility of a Modern Civic Friendship 5.1 CONCEPTIONS OF STATE AND ECONOMY 5.2 RAWLS’S PRINCIPLE OF FRATERNITY 5.3 THE INDETERMINACY OF THE DIFFERENCE PRINCIPLE 5.4 AN ALTERNATIVE MODEL OF SOCIAL LABOR 5.5 TOWARD A NEW CONCEPTION OF OWNERSHIP 5.6 CIVIC FRIENDSHIP IN THE ECONOMIC DOMAIN
6. Women, Democracy, and the U.S. Constitution 6.1 THE LACUNA IN THE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN 6.2 THE ANALYSIS OF WHAT IS LACKING 6.3 REFLECTIVE EQUILIBRIUM AND CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION 6.4 THE FOUNDING PERIOD AND “FRIENDS OF MANKIND” 6.5 REVISITING RECONSTRUCTION 6.6 RECTIFYING THE LACUNA IN REPRESENTATION 6.7 FRIENDSHIP AND DEMOCRACY