The Palgrave Encyclopedia Of Imperialism And Anti-imperialism

T H E PA L G R AV E E N C YC L O P E D I A OF IMPERIALISM & ANTI-IMPERIALISM GENERAL EDITORS IMMANUEL NESS & ZAK C OPE SENIOR EDITORIAL ADVISOR SAËR MAT Y BÂ VOLUME I THE PALGRAVE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF IMPERIALISM AND ANTI-IMPERIALISM THE PALGRAVE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF IMPERIALISM AND ANTI-IMPERIALISM Edited by Immanuel Ness Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, USA and Zak Cope Independent author and scholar VOLUME I © Immanuel Ness and Zak Cope 2016 Individual articles © Respective authors 2016 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2016 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-57691-3 ISBN 978-0-230-39278-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230392786 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India. Contents Preface Editorial Board List of Contributors vi ix x Entries A–Z within the following sections: Volume I Biographies 1 Country and regional analysis 249 Culture and the arts 471 History 543 Volume II History (continued) 746 Movements and ideologies 805 Political economy 975 Themes and concepts 1191 Index 1396 Preface The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism presents prominent themes, epochal events, theoretical explanations, and historical accounts of imperialism from the beginnings of modernity and the capitalist world system in the 16th century to the present day. Important scientific and scholarly interpretations of imperialism have in the last twenty years reshaped the way intellectuals analyse and map human history. The present work takes these innovations a step further, offering a body of comparative research that both challenges and enhances our understanding of the world we live in. Starting from a shared commitment to internation