Industrial Biotransformations

Content 1 Introduction 1 2 History of Industrial Biotransformations ± Dreams and Realities 2.1 From the ªflower of vinegarº to the recombinant E. coli ± The history of microbial biotransformations 2.2 From gastric juice to SweetzymeT ± The history of enzymatic biotransformations 2.3 Advantages of biotransformations over classical chemistry References 11 25 27 3 Enzyme Classification 3.1 The Enzyme Nomenclature 3.2 The Enzyme Classes EC 1 Oxidoreductases EC 2 Transferases EC 3 Hydrolases EC 4 Lyases EC 5 Isomerases EC 6 Ligases References 31 31 33 34 39 43 48 51 54 56 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Basics of Bioreaction Engineering Definitions Biosynthesis and immobilization of biocatalysts Characteristics of the different enzyme classes Kinetics Basic reactor types and their mode of operation References 57 58 64 79 83 86 90 5 Processes 93 Index Index of enzyme name Index of strain Index of company Index of starting material Index of product 3 3 397 400 403 406 414 1 Introduction The main incentive in writing this book was to gather information on one-step biotransformations that are of industrial importance. With this collection, we want to illustrate that more enzyme-catalyzed processes have gained practical significance than their potential users are conscious of. There is still a prejudice that biotransformations are only needed in cases where classical chemical synthesis fails. Even the conviction that the respective biocatalysts are not available and, if so, then too expensive, unstable and only functional in water, still seems to be widespread. We hope that this collection of industrial biotransformations will in future influence decision-making of synthesis development in such a way that it might lead to considering the possible incorporation of a biotransfo