Physics

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This book is the result of the renewed efforts of the present Textbook Development Team with the hope that the students will appreciate the beauty and logic of physics. The students may or may not continue to study physics beyond the higher secondary stage, but we feel that they will find the thought process of physics useful in any other branch they may like to pursue, be it finance, administration, social sciences, environment, engineering, technology, biology or medicine. For those who pursue physics beyond this stage, the matter developed in these books will certainly provide a sound base. Physics is basic to the understanding of almost all the branches of science and technology. It is interesting to note that the ideas and concepts of physics are increasingly being used in other branches such as economics and commerce, and behavioural sciences too. We are conscious of the fact that some of the underlying simple basic physics principles are often conceptually quite intricate. In this book, we have tried to bring in a conceptual coherence. The pedagogy and the use of easily understandable language are at the core of our effort without sacrificing the rigourof the subject. The nature of the subject of physics is such that a certain minimum use of mathematics is a must. We have tried to develop the mathematical formulations in a logical fashion, as far as possible.

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CK PART II TEXTBOOK FOR CLASS XI CK CK ISBN 81-7450-508-3 (Part-I) ISBN 81-7450-566-0 (Part-II) First Edition April 2006 Chaitra 1928 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Reprinted October 2006 Kartika 1928 February 2008 Magha 1929 January 2009 Magha 1930 January 2010 Magha 1931 January 2012 Magha 1932 January 2013 Magha 1933 January 2014 Magha 1935 q No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. q This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise disposed of without the publisher’s consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published. q The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this page, Any revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any other means is incorrect and should be unacceptable. PD 400T RNB © National Council of Educational Research and Training, 2006 ` 85.00 OFFICES OF THE PUBLICATION DIVISION, NCERT NCERT Campus Sri Aurobindo Marg New Delhi 110 016 Phone : 011-26562708 108, 100 Feet Road Hosdakere Halli Extension Banashankari III Stage Bangalore 560 085 Phone : 080-26725740 Navjivan Trust Building P.O.Navjivan Ahmedabad 380 014 Phone : 079-27541446 CWC Campus Opp. Dhankal Bus Stop Panihati Kolkata 700 114 Phone : 033-25530454 CWC Complex Maligaon Guwahati 781 021 Phone : 0361-2674869 Publication Team Printed on 80 GSM paper with NCERT watermark Published at the Publication Division by the Secretary, National Council of Educational Research and Training, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi 110 016 and printed at M/s. Saraswati Printing Press A-95, Sector – 5, Noida – 201 301 (UP) Head, Publication Division : Ashok Srivastava Chief Production Officer : Kalyan Banerjee Chief Business Manager : Gautam Ganguly Chief Editor : Naresh Yadav (Contractual Service) Editor : R.N. Bhardwaj (Contractual Service) Production Assistant : Prakash Veer Singh Cover a
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