Pathophysiology And Pharmacotherapy Of Cardiovascular Disease

Gowraganahalli Jagadeesh Pitchai Balakumar Khin Maung-U Editors Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Cardiovascular Disease Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Cardiovascular Disease Gowraganahalli Jagadeesh • Pitchai Balakumar Khin Maung-U Editors Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Cardiovascular Disease Adis Editors Gowraganahalli Jagadeesh Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products US Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring, MD USA Khin Maung-U Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products US Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring, MD USA Pitchai Balakumar Pharmacology Unit AIMST University Bedong Malaysia ISBN 978-3-319-15960-7 ISBN 978-3-319-15961-4 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-15961-4 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2015937615 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The opinions expressed are those of the respective chapter authors and do not necessarily represent those of their employers or the editors and their employers. The editors, publisher or any other party involved in the preparation of this work are not responsible for any inaccurate or incomplete information provided in this book. Readers should confirm the accuracy of the information contained in the book from other currently available sources considering the fact that the drug related information might change over the time. The editors and publisher of this book do not undertake any liability for any inconvenience arising from use of this book, either print or electronic media. Printed on acid-free paper Adis is a brand of Springer Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface With the advance of modern civilization, the historical causes of death in human populations such as war, drought, famine and the spread of microbes have been replaced by a new wave of global killers: ‘non-communicable diseases (NCDs)’. According to the World Health Organization report, NCDs kill 38 million people each year, with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) accounting for most NCD deaths (17.5 million deaths, or 46.2 % of NCD deaths). Urbanization, industrialization, globalization and a larger ageing population have amplified the role of NCDs in global mortality and morbidity. NCDs affect both men and women, devastating both rich and poor nations alike, although more people in poor nations are