CHEMISTRY-II Organic and Physical Chemistry
Dr. J. N. Gurtu MoSc., Ph.D.. Retd. Principal,
Meerut College, Meerut.
Dr. H. C. Khera M.Sc., Ph. D.
Reader & Head, Chemistry Department,
loP. College, Bulandshahr.
»
PRAGATI PRAKASHAN
PRAGATI PRAKASHAN Educational Publishers
HeaiOifice: PRAGATI SHAWAN,
240, W. K. Road, Meerut-250 001 Tele Fax: 0121-2643636, 2640642, SMS/Ph. : 0121- 6544642,6451644 www.pragatiprakashan.in e-mail:
[email protected]
First Edition: 2009
Regd. Office:
ISBN:
978-81-83986-47-3
New Market, Begum Bridge. Meerut-2S0 00 1 Phone: 0121-2661657 Published by : K.K. Mittal for PRAGATI PRAKASHAN, Meerut-250001. Visit us at : www.pragatiprakashan.com. laser Typesetting: Devendra K. Tyagi (Mob. 9719000944) Meerut. Printed at. Arihan, Electric Press, Meerut
1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND PURIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 1-1 ~
Organic chemistry 1 Requirement and methods of purification 2 Tests of purity 10 Chromatography 12 Exercises 13 2.
OUALITATIVE AND OUANTITATIVE ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS
16-'J6
Qualitative detection of elements 16 Quantitative estimation of elements 19 Exercises 32 }.
EMPIRICAL, MOLECULAR AND STRUCTURAL FORMULA, MOLECULAR MASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Empirical formula 37 Molecular formula 39 Molecular weight of organic acids and bases 39 Numerical problems based on empirical, molecular and structural formulae 42 Exercises 52
4. TETRAVALENT CHARACTER OF CARBON, FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Tetrahedral concept of carbon atom 53 Functional groups 54 Nomenclature of organic compounds 55 Exercises 72 ~.
SATURATED HYDROCARBONS, ALKANES OR PARAFFINS
n-8}
84-94
Alkanes or paraffins 84 Nomenclature of alkanes 84 General methods of preparation of alkanes 85 General properties of alkanes 88 Exercises 92 6.
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS (ALKENES AND ALKYNES) Alkenes or olefins 95 Nomenclature of alkenes 95 General methods of preparation of alkenes 96 General properties of alkenes 98 Alkynes or acetylenes 103 Nomenclature of alkynes 103 General methods of preparation of alkynes 104 General properties of alkynes 105 Acidic nature of hydrogen in acetylene 109 Ascent and descent of alkane series and important conversions 110 Exercises 111
7.
HALOGEN SUBSTITUTED ALKANES Monohalogen derivatives of alkanes 115
9~-114
l1~-no
Ethyl bromide or bromoethane 119 Dihalogen derivatives of alkanes 122 Trihalogen derivatives of alkanes 123 Chloroform (Trichloromethane) 123 Exercises 128 8.
ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS AND GRIGNARD'S REAGENT Organometallic compounds 131 Exercises 143
111-14'J
9.
PREPARATION, PROPERTIES AND USES OF COMPOUNDS
144-161
(Ethanol, Glycol and Glycerol) Alcohols 144 Ethyl alcohol or ethanol 146 Glycols 150 Glycerol 153 Exercises 160 10. ALDEHYDES AND KETONES Introduction 162 Classification 163 Nomenclature 163 General methods of preparation 164 General properties of aldehydes and ketones 166 Formaldehyde or methanal 176 Acetaldehyde or ethanal 177 Acetone or propanone or dimethyl ketone 180 Exercises 181
162-18)
11. MONOCARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES Carboxylic acids 185 Carboxylic acid derivatives 194 Acid anhydrides 195 Acid halides 197 Acid amides 200 Acid esters 202 Exercise& 206
184-207
12. DICARBOXYLIC AND TRICARBOXYLIC ACIDS
208-222
Malic acid 208 Tartaric acid 209 Oxalic acid or ethanedioic acid 213 Maleic acid 215 Fumaric acid 217 CItric acid 217 Exercises 221 ll. UREA Exercises 226<