Eyewitness Volcano

4H4F8C=4BB1>>:B CL IP -A RT CD Eyewitness Volcano Lava bomb Skull from Herculaneum Sulfur Carbonized bread from Pompeii Gray-Milne seismograph, 1885 Cut peridot Cut and uncut diamond Gem-quality olivine Preserved eggs from Pompeii Carbonized walnuts from Pompeii Body cast from Pompeii Eyewitness Pele’s hair Volcano Voyager 1 space probe Written by SUSANNA VAN ROSE Perfume bottle melted in eruption of Mount Pelée Bottle melted in eruption of Mount Pelée Zhang Heng’s earthquake detector DK Publishing Title page from Campi Phlegraei Fork and pocket watch damaged in eruption of Mount Pelée LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, and DELHI Seneca, Roman philosopher who wrote about earthquake of 62 ce Project editor Scott Steedman Art editor Christian Sévigny Designer Yaël Freudmann Managing editor Helen Parker Managing art editor Julia Harris Production Louise Barratt Picture research Kathy Lockley Special photography James Stevenson Editorial consultants Professor John Guest and Dr. Robin Adams This edition Consultant Douglas Palmer Editors Francesca Baines, Sue Nicholson, Victoria Heywood-Dunne, Marianne Petrou Art editors Catherine Goldsmith, David Ball Managing editors Andrew Macintyre, Camilla Hallinan Managing art editors Jane Thomas, Martin Wilson Publishing manager Sunita Gahir Production editors Siu Yin Ho, Andy Hilliard Production controllers Jenny Jacoby, Pip Tinsley Picture research Sarah Pownall, Jenny Baskaya DK picture library Rose Horridge, Emma Shepherd U.S. editorial Beth Hester, Beth Sutinis U.S. design & DTP Dirk Kaufman, Milos Orlovic U.S. production Chris Avgherinos Mining transit This Eyewitness ® Guide has been conceived by Dorling Kindersley Limited and Editions Gallimard This edition first published in the United States in 2008 by DK Publishing, Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 Copyright © 1992, © 2002, © 2004, © 2008 Dorling Kindersley Limited 08 09 10 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ED631 – 04/08 All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-7566-3780-4 Color reproduction by Colourscan, Singapore Printed and bound by Leo Paper Products Ltd., China Discover more at Lava stalagmite Figure of Zhang Heng, Chinese seismologist Contents Brown agate 6 An unstable Earth 8 Fire from below 10 The world on a plate 14 When a mountain explodes 16 Ash and dust 18 Fiery rocks 20 Gas and lightning 22 Hot spots 24 Spreading ridges 26 The great eruption of Vesuvius 32 A modern Pompeii 34 Affecting the world’s weather 36 Steam vents and boiling mud 38 Sleeping beauties 40 Life returns to the lava 42 Being a volcanologist 44 Volcanoes on other planets 46 When the earth moves 48 Intensity and magnitude 50 Waves of destruction 52 Measuring earthquake waves 56 Mud, flood, and avalanche 58 State of emergency 60 Preparing for disaster 62 Anger of the gods 64 Did you know? 66 Timeline 68 Find out more 70 Glossary 72 Index An unstable Earth Volcanoes and earthquakes are nature run wild. A volcano in eruption may blee