Encyclopedia Of Volcanoes

Encyclopedia of According to Greek Mythology, the giant Typhon is buried under Etna volcano. Whenever the giant stirs, the volcano erupts violently. Eighteenth century print. (See The History of Volcanology, p. 15.) Encyclopedia of Editor-in-Chief Haraldur Sigurdsson University of Rhode Island, U.S.A. Associate Editors Bruce F. Houghton Institute of Geology and Nuclear Science, New Zealand Stephen R. McNutt Alaska Volcano Observatory and University of Alaska Fairbanks, U.S.A. Hazel Rymer Open University, United Kingdom John Stix McGill University, Canada Foreword by Robert D. Ballard ACADEMIC PRESS A Harcourt Science and Technology Company San Diego San Francisco New York Boston London Sydney Toronto Academic Press to Supply Copyright Page Contents ARTICLE INDEX xi Melting the Mantle CONTRIBUTORS xiii Paul D. Asimow FOREWORD xix Migration of Melt xxi Plate Tectonics and Volcanism The Editors GUIDE TO THE ENCYCLOPEDIA 69 Martha J. Daines Robert D. Ballard PREFACE 55 89 Michael R. Perfit and Jon P. Davidson xxiii Composition of Magmas Introduction 115 Nick Rogers and Chris Hawkesworth 1 Haraldur Sigurdsson Origin of Magmas The History of Volcanology 15 133 Timothy L. Grove Haraldur Sigurdsson Volatiles in Magmas 149 Paul Wallace and Alfred T. Anderson, Jr. P A R T I Origin and Transport of Magma Physical Properties of Magmas Mantle of the Earth Magma Chambers 171 Frank J. Spera 41 Bruce D. Marsh Raymond Jeanloz v 191 vi Rates of Magma Ascent C ONTENTS 207 331 Charles B. Connor and F. Michael Conway Malcolm J. Rutherford and James E. Gardner Plumbing Systems Basaltic Volcanic Fields 219 Flood Basalt Provinces Charles R. Carrigan Peter R. Hooper Magma Ascent at Shallow Levels Submarine Lavas and Hyaloclastite 237 345 361 Rodey Batiza and James D. L. White Claude Jaupart Seamounts and Island Building 383 Ralf Schmidt and Hans-Ulrich Schmincke Subglacial Eruptions 403 John L. Smellie P A R T I I Eruption Earth’s Volcanoes and Eruptions: An Overview 249 Tom Simkin and Lee Siebert Sizes of Volcanic Eruptions Explosive Volcanism 263 David M. Pyle Volcanic Episodes and Rates of Volcanism P A R T I V Magmatic Fragmentation 271 Haraldur Sigurdsson 421 K. V. Cashman, B. Sturtevant, P. Papale, and O. Navon Phreatomagmatic Fragmentation 431 Meghan Morrissey, Be