E-Book Content
Polar Oceanography PartB Chemistry, Biology, and Geology
Edited by
Walker O. Smith, Jr.
Botany Department and Graduate Program in Ecology University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee
Academic Press, Inc. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto
This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright © 1990 by Academic Press, Inc. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press, Inc. San Diego, California 92101 United Kingdom Edition published by Academic Press Limited 24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data (Revised for vol. 2 pt. B) Polar oceanography. Includes bibliographical references. Contents: pt. A. Physical science ~ pt. B. Chemistry, biology, and geology. 1. Oceanography-Polar regions. I. Smith, Walker O. GC401.P633 1990 551.45'8 89-18391 ISBN 0-12-653031 -9 (pt. A : alk. paper) ISBN 0-12-653032-7 (pt. B : alk. paper)
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Contents of Part A Physical Science 1. Meteorology Robert A. Brown 2. Sea Ice in the Polar Regions Anthony J. Gow and Walter B. Tucker HI 3. Remote Sensing of the Polar Oceans Robert A. Shuchman and Robert G. Onstott 4. Large-Scale Physical Oceanography of Polar Oceans Eddy C. Carmack 5. Mesoscale Phenomena in the Polar Oceans Robin D. Muench 6. Small-Scale Processes Miles G. McPhee 7. Models and Their Applications to Polar Oceanography Sirpa Häkkinen
Vil
Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
David G. Ainley (599), Pt. Reyes Bird Observatory, Stinson Beach, California 94970 Paul K. Dayton (631 ), Scripps Institution of Oceanography A-001, La Jolla, California 92093 Douglas P. DeMaster (599), National Marine Fisheries Service, La Jolla, California 92038 Susumu Honjo (687), Woods Hole Océanographie Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 E. P. Jones (407), Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada B3A 2R1 David M. Nelson (407), College of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 Egil Sakshaug (477), Trondhjem Biological Station, The Museum, University of Trondheim, N-7018, Trondheim, Norway Sigrid B. Schnack-Schiel (527), Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar-und Meeresforschung, 2850 Bremerhaven, Federal Republic of Germany Sharon L. Smith (527), Océanographie Sciences Division, Department of Applied Science, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 Walker O. Smith, Jr. (477), Botany Department and Graduate Program in Ecology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996 Paul Treguer (407), Institut d'Etudes Marines, Universite de Bretagne Occidentale, 29287 Brest Cedex, France
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Preface
The study of the world's oceans has rapidly expanded in the past decade through the use of new and exciting technologies (including the use of remote sensing, moored samplers, acoustic current meters, sonic arrays, and many others), in conjunction with more traditional data collection methods froni ships. The merger of these techniques has led to a greater understanding of océanographie processes at all scales. Yet, in many respects, the study of polar oceanography has lagged behind the study of temperate and tropical regions. The reason for this is simple: the severe logistic constraints imposed by the harsh environments of the Arctic and Antarctic simply preclude a simple extension of temperate oceanography into polar oceans. Many oceanographers wh