Environmental Chemistry: Green Chemistry And Pollutants In Ecosystems

Eric Lichtfouse Jan Schwarzbauer Didier Robert Environmental Chemistry Green Chemistry and Pollutants in Ecosystems Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI Part VII Analytical Chemistry Toxic Metals Organic Pollutants Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds Pesticides Green Chemistry Ecotoxicology Chapters Chapters Chapters Chapters Chapters Chapters Chapters 1–11 12–25 26–35 36–41 42–48 49–57 58–69 Eric Lichtfouse Jan Schwarzbauer Didier Robert (Editors) Environmental Chemistry Green Chemistry and Pollutants in Ecosystems With 289 Figures Editors Dr. Eric Lichtfouse INRA 17, rue Sully 21000 Dijon, France Dr. Jan Schwarzbauer Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal RWTH Aachen University Lochnerstrasse 4–20 52056 Aachen, Germany Dr. Didier Robert Head of the Chemical Department (IUT) Laboratory of Chemical Applications University of Metz rue Victor Demange 57500 Saint-Avold, France Library of Congress Control Number: 2004110949 ISBN 3-540-22860-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitations, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg Typesetting: Büro Stasch ([email protected]), Bayreuth Production: Luisa Tonarelli Printing: Mercedes-Druck, Berlin Binding: Stein & Lehmann, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper 30/2132/LT – 5 4 3 2 1 0 Preface In 1889, the Nobel Prize winner Svante Arrhenius pointed out the existence of a “greenhouse effect” in which small changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could considerably alter the average temperature of a planet. About one century later, humans realise that most climate changes are correlated with the increase of the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. A such prediction from Svante Arrhenius clearly highlights that more knowledge of environmental mechanisms is needed to cope with actual problems of pollution. Environmental Chemistry is a fast emerging discipline aiming at understanding the fate of pollutants in ecosystems and at designing novel processes that are safe for ecosystems. Past pollution should be cleaned. Future pollution should be predicted and avoided. The 69 chapters of this book have been arranged into seven topics that form the core of Environmental Chemistry: Analytical Chemistry, Toxic Metals,