Handbook Of Philosophical Logic

HANDBOOK OF PHILOSOPHICAL LOGIC 2ND EDITION VOLUME 12 HANDBOOK OF PHILOSOPHICAL LOGIC 2nd Edition Volume 12 edited by D.M. Gabbay and F. Guenthner Volume 1 – ISBN 0-7923-7018-X Volume 2 – ISBN 0-7923-7126-7 Volume 3 – ISBN 0-7923-7160-7 Volume 4 – ISBN 1-4020-0139-8 Volume 5 – ISBN 1-4020-0235-1 Volume 6 – ISBN 1-4020-0583-0 Volume 7 – ISBN 1-4020-0599-7 Volume 8 – ISBN 1-4020-0665-9 Volume 9 – ISBN 1-4020-0699-3 Volume 10 – ISBN 1-4020-1644-1 Volume 11 – ISBN 1-4020-1966-1 HANDBOOK OF PHILOSOPHICAL LOGIC 2nd EDITION VOLUME 12 Edited by D.M. GABBAY King’s College, London, U.K. and F. GUENTHNER Centrum für Informations- und Sprachverarbeitung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN-10 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 ISBN-13 1-4020-3091-6 (HB) 978-1-4020-3091-8 (HB) 1-4020-3092-4 (e-book) 978-1-4020-3092-5 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. P www.springeronline.com Printed on acid-free r paper All Rights Reserved © 2005 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands. CONTENTS Preface to the Second Edition Dov M. Gabbay vii Knowledge Representation with Logic Programs Gerhard Brewka and J¨ u ¨ rgen Dix 1 The Resolution Principle Alexander Leitsch and Christian Ferm¨ u ¨ller 87 How to Go Nonmonotonic David Makinson 175 Development of Categorical Logic John Bell 279 Index 363 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION It is with great pleasure that we are presenting to the community the second edition of this extraordinary handbook. It has been over 15 years since the publication of the first edition and there have been great changes in the landscape of philosophical logic since then. The first edition has proved invaluable to generations of students and researchers in formal philosophy and language, as well as to consumers of logic in many applied areas. The main logic article in the Encyclopaedia Britannica 1999 has described the first edition as ‘the best starting point for exploring any of the topics in logic’. We are confident that the second edition will prove to be just as good! The first edition was the second handbook published for the logic community. It followed the North Holland one volume Handbook of Mathematical Logic, published in 1977, edited by the late Jon Barwise. The four volume Handbook of Philosophical Logic, published 1983–1989 came at a fortunate