Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry Volume 57 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry Editor DEREK HORTON The American University Washington, DC Board of Advisors LAURENS ANDERSON STEPHEN HANESSIAN STEPHEN J. ANGYAL BENGT LINDBERG HANS H. BAER HANS PAULSEN DAVID C. BAKER NATHAN SHARON JOHN S. BRIMACOMBE J. F. G. VLIEGENTHART J. GRANT BUCHANAN ROY L. WHISTLER DAVID R. BUNDLE Volume 57 San Diego San Francisco New York London Sydney Tokyo Boston This book is printed on acid-free paper. ∞  C 2001 by ACADEMIC PRESS Copyright  All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of a chapter in this book indicates the Publisher’s consent that copies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923), for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Copy fees for pre-2001 chapters are as shown on the title pages. If no fee code appears on the title page, the copy fee is the same as for current chapters. 0065-2318/2001 $35.00 Explicit permission from Academic Press is not required to reproduce a maximum of two figures or tables from an Academic Press chapter in another scientific or research publication provided that the material has not been credited to another source and that full credit to the Academic Press chapter is given. Academic Press An Elsevier Science Imprint 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.academicpress.com Academic Press Harcourt Place, 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK http://www.academicpress.com International Standard Book Number: 0-12-007257-2 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 01 02 03 04 05 06 EB 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix George Alan Jeffery, 1915–2000 ALFRED D. FRENCH Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Sumio Umezawa, 1909–2000 TOSHIAKI MIYAKE, KENJI MAEDA, A