Solid State Physics: Surfaces

T Methods of Experimental Physics VOLUME 22 SOLID STATE PHYSICS: SURFACES METHODS OF EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS RobertCelotta and JudahLevine, Editors-in-Chief FoundingEditors L. MARTON C. MARTON Volume22 Solid StatePhysics: Surfaces Edited by RobertL.Park DepartmentofPhysicsand Astronomy ofMaryland University CollegePark,Maryland Max G.Lagally DepartmentofMetallurgical and MineralEngineering and Materials ScienceCenter ofWisconsin University Madison,Wisconsin 1985 ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers) Orlando San Diego New York London Toronto MontrealSydney Tokyo @ COPYRIGHT 6 1985, BY ACADEMICPRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMI'ITED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM. WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Orlando, Florida 32887 UnitedKingdomEdition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24-28Oval Road, London NWI 7DX Library ofCongress Cataloging inPublication Data Mainentry undertitle: Solid state physics. ofexperimental physics ;v. 22) (Methods Includes index. 1. Solids--Surfaces--Optical properties. 2. Solid Robert L. 11. Lagally, Max G. state physics. 1. Park, 111. Series. QA176.8.SgS651985 530.4'1 84-12427 ISBN 0-12-475964-5(alk. paper) PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 85 86 87 88 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X l... l. l . . . FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv . . . . PREFACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .