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Understanding Mass Spectra: A Basic Approach, Second Edition combines coverage of the principles underlying mass spectral analysis with clear guidelines on how to apply them in a laboratory setting. Completely revised from the first edition, an updated and unified approach to mass spectral interpretation emphasizes the application of basic principles from undergraduate organic, analytical, and physical chemistry courses.A detailed overview of theory and instrumentation, this useful guide contains step-by-step descriptions of interpretative strategies and convenient lists and tables detailing the information needed to solve unknowns. Other features include real-world case studies and examples, skill-building problems with clearly explained answers, and easy-to-follow explanations of the important mathematical derivations.
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UNDERSTANDING MASS SPECTRA Second Edition
UNDERSTANDING MASS SPECTRA: A Basic Approach SECOND EDITION
R. Martin Smith
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
Copyright # 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993 or fax 317-572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print, however, may not be available in electronic format. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Smith, R. Martin. Understanding mass spectra : a basic approach. – 2nd ed. / R. Martin Smith. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-42949-X (acid-free paper) 1. Mass Spectrometry. I. Title. QD96 .M3S65 2005 5430 .0873–dc22 2004003683 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS Preface to the Second Edition
xi
Acknowledgments
xv
Abbreviations and Notations Used in This Book 1
Instrumentation 1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
xvii 1
Introduction / 1 1.1.1. Overview / 1 1.1.2. Sample Introduction / 3 Ionization Source / 4 1.2.1. Electron Ionization Source / 5 1.2.2. Chemical Ionization / 8 1.2.3. Other Ionization Methods / 9 1.2.3.1. Electrospray