Quanta, Matter And Change: A Molecular Approach To Physical Chemistry

This page intentionally left blank Quanta, Matter, and Change A molecular approach to physical chemistry Library of Congress Control Number: 2005936591 Quanta, Matter, and Change: A molecular approach to physical chemistry © 2009 by Peter Atkins, Julio de Paula, and Ronald Friedman All rights reserved ISBN: 0-7167-6117-3 Published in the United States and Canada by W. H. Freeman and Company This edition has been authorized by Oxford University Press for sale in the United States and Canada only and not for export therefrom. First printing 2009 Typeset by Graphicraft Ltd, Hong Kong Printed and bound in China by C&C Offset Printing Co. Ltd W. H. Freeman and Company 41 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10010 www.whfreeman.com Quanta, Matter, and Change A molecular approach to physical chemistry Peter Atkins Professor of Chemistry, University of Oxford, and Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford Julio de Paula Professor and Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon Ronald Friedman Professor and Chair of Chemistry, Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana W. H. Freeman and Company New York Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. About the book Our Physical Chemistry has always started with thermodynamics, progressed on to quantum mechanics, and then brought these two great rivers together by considering statistical thermodynamics. We always took care to enrich the thermodynamics with molecular understanding, and wrote the text so that it could be used flexibly to suit the pedagogical inclinations of its users. There are many, though, who consider it more appropriate to build an understanding of the subject from a firm foundation of quantum theory and then to show how the concepts of thermodynamics emerge as the microscopic evolves into the macroscopic. This text is directed at them. We have taken the cloth of Physical Chemistry, unravelled it, and woven a new cloth that begins from quantum theory, establishes the link with the macroscopic world by introducing statistical thermodynamics, and then shows how thermodynamics is used to describe bulk properties of matter. But this is no mere reordering of topics. As we planned the book and then progressed through its writing, we realized that we had to confront issues that required fundamentally new approaches even to very familiar material. In fact, we experienced a kind of intellectual liberation that comes from looking at a familiar subject from a new perspective. Therefore, although readers will see material that has appeared throughout the editions of Physical Chemistry, there is an abundance of new material, new approaches to familiar topics, and