Chemistry In Your Life, 2nd Edition

This page intentionally left blank Chemistry in Your Life Senior Acquisitions Editor: Clancy Marshall Developmental Editors: Rebecca Pearce/Hannah Thonet Publisher: Susan Finnemore Brennan Senior Marketing Manager: Krista Bettino Media Editor: Victoria Anderson Associate Editor: Amy Shaffer Project Editor: Bradley Umbaugh Design Manager: Diana Blume Illustration Coordinator: Bill Page Illustrations: Fine Line Studio Photo Editor: Bianca Moscatelli Photo Researcher: Brian Donnelly Production Coordinator: Ellen Cash Composition: Schawk, Inc. Manufacturing: Quebecor Library of Congress Control Number: 2005932533 ©2006 by W. H. Freeman and Company. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic, or electronic process, or in the form of a phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise copied for public or private use, without written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America First printing Chemistry in Your Life SECOND EDITION Colin Baird University of Western Ontario W. H. Freeman and Company • New York This page intentionally left blank Brief Contents A Note from the Author xvii CHAPTER 1 The “Elemental” Foundation of Chemistry: Atoms, Molecules, Elements, Compounds, Mixtures, and States of Matter 1 CHAPTER 2 New Identities? Physical and Chemical Change CHAPTER 3 An Insider’s Perspective: The Internal Workings of Atoms and Molecules 79 CHAPTER 4 Powering the Planet: Hydrocarbons and Fossil Fuels CHAPTER 5 From Diamonds to Plastics: Carbon’s Elemental Forms, Addition Polymers, and Substituted Hydrocarbons 171 CHAPTER 6 The Flavor of Our World: The Oxygen-Containing Organic Compounds We Drink, Smell, and Taste 211 CHAPTER 7 Health and Energy: Carbohydrates, Fats, and Oils CHAPTER 8 Condensation Polymers, Especially Those Containing Nitrogen: The Chemistry of Medication and Clothing 293 CHAPTER 9 The Molecules That Make You What You Are: Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Hormones 325 CHAPTER 10 Chemicals in Our Bodies and Our Environment: Vitamins, Food Additives, Pesticides, and More 373 CHAPTER 11 Chemistry in Water: Salts, Acids, and Bases CHAPTER 12 Batteries, Fuel Cells, and the Hydrogen Economy: Oxidation and Reduction 453 CHAPTER 13 Fit to Drink: Water: Sources, Pollution, and Purification CHAPTER 14 Dirty Air, Dirty Lungs: Air Pollution CHAPTER 15 Stratospheric Chemistry and the Ozone Layer: A Thin Veil of Protection 553 CHAPTER 16 Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect CHAPTER 17 Radioactivity, Nuclear Energy, and Solar Energy: The Core of Matter 621 Appendix A: Scientific Notation A-3 Appendix C: Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions Glossary Index I-1 G-1 127 259 415 483 517 A-1