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ADULT LEARNER
THE
SIXTH EDITION
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SIXTH EDITION
THE
ADULT LEARNER The Definitive Classic in Adult Education and Human Resource Development
MALCOLM S. KNOWLES ■ ELWOOD F. HOLTON III RICHARD A. SWANSON
Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford • Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo
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Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, 4th Floor Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK
⬁ This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2005, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984, 1990, 1998 by Butterworth-Heinemann. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail:
[email protected] You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Customer Support” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Knowles, Malcolm Shepherd, 1913The adult learner : the definitive classic in adult education and human resource development / Malcolm S. Knowles, Elwood F. Holton III, and Richard A. Swanson.– 6th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7506-7837-2 (alk. paper) 1. Adult learning. 2. Adult education. 3. Training. I. Holton, Ed, 1957- II. Swanson, Richard A., 1942- III. Title. LC5225.L42K56 2005 374–dc22 2004024356 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 0-7506-7837-2 Printed in the United States of America 0