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CHAPTER
1
THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST: MESOPOTAMIA, EGYPT, PHOENICIA, ISRAEL
CHAPTER OUTLINE ១១១១១១១១១១១១១១១១១១១១១
I. Introduction II. The First Europeans: The Paleolithic Era III. The Neolithic Revolution IV. Mesopotamia: The Social and Economic Structures of Mesopotamian Life A. The Sumerians, Akkad, Babylonia, and Assyria B. Mesopotamian Culture, Law, and Religion V. Ancient Egypt A. The Social and Economic Structures of Ancient Egypt B. Egyptian Culture, Science, and Religion VI. Canaan, Phoenicia, and Philistia VII. The Historical Development of Ancient Israel A. The Origins of Judaism B. The Social and Economic Structures of Ancient Israel
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estern civlization rests upon the achievements of far more ancient societies. Long before the Greeks or Romans, the peoples of the ancient Near East had learned to domesticate animals, grow crops, and produce useful articles of pottery and metal. The ancient Mesoptamians and Egyptians developed writing, mathematics, and sophisticated methods of engineering while contributing a rich variety of legal, scientific, and religious ideas to those who would come after them. The Phoenicians invented the alphabet and facilitated cultural borrowing by trading throughout the known world, and ancient Israel gave birth to religious concepts that form the basis of modern Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Chapter 1 will look briefly at life in the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age before examining the Neolithic revolution and its material consequences, including its impact on diet, demography, and the advent of warfare. It will then desc