E-Book Overview
The Encyclopedia of World Religions series has been designed to provide comprehensive coverage of six major global religious traditions—Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Roman Catholicism,and Protestant Christianity. The volumes have been constructed in an A-to-Z format to provide a handy guide to the major terms, concepts, people, events, and organizations that have, in each case, transformed the religion from its usually modest beginnings to the global force that it has become.
E-Book Content
Encyclopedia of
Islam AF J:
Encyclopedia of Buddhism Encyclopedia of Catholicism Encyclopedia of Hinduism Encyclopedia of Islam Encyclopedia of Judaism Encyclopedia of Protestantism
Encyclopedia of World Religions
nnnnnnnnnnn Encyclopedia of
Islam AF J:
Juan E. Campo J. Gordon Melton, Series Editor
Encyclopedia of Islam Copyright © 2009 by Juan E. Campo All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Campo, Juan Eduardo, 1950– Encyclopedia of Islam / Juan E. Campo. p. cm.— (Encyclopedia of world religions) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-5454-1 ISBN-10: 0-8160-5454-1 1. Islamic countries—Encyclopedias—Juvenile literature. 2. Islam—Encyclopedias—Juvenile literature. I. Title. DS35.53.C36 2008 297.03—dc22 2008005621 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Erika K. Arroyo Cover design by Cathy Rincon/Takeshi Takahashi Illustrations by Sholto Ainslie Printed in the United States of America VB Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper and contains 30 percent postconsumer recycled content.
For Magda, Andrés, and Federico In Memory of Julio H. Campo (1925–2006) Que bonita es esta vida . . .
contents K About the Editors and Contributors
ix
List of Illustrations and Maps
xv
Preface
xvii
Acknowledgments
xix
Introduction
xxi
Chronology ENTRIES A TO Z
xxxvii 1
Bibliography
725
Index
731
about the editors and contributors K Series Editor J. Gordon Melton is the director of the Institute for the Study of American Religion in Santa Barbara, California. He holds an M.Div. from the Garrett Theological Seminary and a Ph.D. from Northwestern University. Melton is the author of American Religions: An Illustrated History, The Encyclopedia of American Religions, Religious Leaders of America, and several comprehensive works on Islamic culture, African-American religion, cults, and alternative religions. He has written or edited more than three dozen books and anthologies as well as numerous papers and articles for scholarly journals. He is the series editor for Religious Information Systems, which supplies data and information in religious studies and related fields. Melton is a member of the American Academy of Religion, the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, the American Society of Church History, the Communal Studies Association, and the Society for the Study of Metaphysical Religion. Volume Editor Juan E. Campo, associate professor of religious studies at the University of California, Santa Ba