Statistical Mechanics, Third Edition

Statistical Mechanics Third Edition Statistical Mechanics Third Edition R. K. Pathria Department of Physics University of California at San Diego Paul D. Beale Department of Physics University of Colorado at Boulder AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, 0X5 1GB, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA First published 1972; Second edition 1996 © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved The right of R. K. Pathria to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue of this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Pathria, R. K. Statistical mechanics–3rd ed. / R. K. Pathria, Paul D. Beale. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-12-382188-1 (pbk.) 1. Statistical mechanics. I. Beale, Paul D. II. Title. QC174.8.P38 2011 530.13–dc22 2010048955 Cover: The image was created using the opensource software CMBview (http://www.jportsmouth.com/code/CMBview/ cmbview.html) written by Jamie Portsmouth and used with permission. It was created using the WMAP seven-year Internal Linear Combination Map courtesy of the WMAP Science Team (http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/map/dr4/ilc map get.cfm). For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications, visit our Web site at www.elsevierdirect.com Printed in the United States 11 12 13 14 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Preface to the Third Edition The second edition of Statistical Mechanics was published in 1996. The new material added at that time focused on phase transitions, critical phenomena, and the renormalization group — topics that had undergone vast transformations during the years following the publication of the first edition in 1972. In 2009, R. K. Pathria (R.K.P.) and the publishers agreed it was time for a third edition to incorporate the important changes that had occurred in the field since the publication of the second edition and invited Paul B. B