Encyclopedia Of Public International Law Vol.6 : Regional Cooperation, Organizations And Problems

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 6 REGIONAL COOPERATION, ORGANIZATIONS AND PROBLEMS EDITORIAL COMMITIEE Rudolf Dolzer, Dr. iur., S.J.D. (Harvard) Robert E. Hollweg, J.D. (Univ. of Michigan) Jonathan S. Ignarski, M.A. (Cantab.), Barrister Peter Macalister-Smith, B.A. (Kent), Ph.D. (Birmingham) Kevin J. Madders, LL.B. (London), Barrister Ann Rustemeyer, M.A. (Oxon.), Dip.Lib. (Univ. of N.S.W.) Anne M. Trebilcock, J.D. (Berkeley) EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE Robert C. Lane, B.A., M.A. (Carleton) Alfred M. de Zayas, J.D. (Harvard), Dr. phil. (Univ. of Gottingen) The articles in this Encyclopedia should be cited (until publication of the final edition) according to the following example: H.-J. Schlochauer, Arbitration, in: R. Bernhardt (ed.), Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Instalment 1 (1981), p. n. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR COMPARATIVE PUBLIC LAW AND INTERNATIONAL LAW UNDER THE DIRECTION OF RUDOLF BERNHARDT ADVISORY BOARD RUDOLF L. BINDSCHEDLER . THOMAS BUERGENTHAL . KARL DOEHRING JOCHEN ABR. FROWEIN . GUNTHER JAENICKE· HERBERT MIEHSLER HERMANN MOSLER· FRITZ MUNCH· DANIEL P. O'CONNELL t KARL JOSEF PARTSCH· PIERRE PESCATORE· HENRY G. SCHERMERS ULRICH SCHEUNER t . HANS-JURGEN SCHLOCHAUER . MAX S0RENSEN t HELMUT STREBEL 6 REGIONAL COOPERATION, ORGANIZATIONS AND PROBLEMS (i 1983 NORTH -HOLLAND AMSTERDAM • NEW YORK • OXFORD © ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V. -1983 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN: 0444 86237 4 Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V. P.O. BOX 1991 1000 BZ AMSTERDAM THE NETHERLANDS Sole distributors for the U.S.A. and Canada: ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHING COMPANY INC. 52 VANDERBILT AVENUE NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017, U.S.A Ubrary 01 Conar- Catalo&lna In Publication Data Main entry under title: Encyclopedia of public international law. Issued in parts. Includes index. 1. International law - Dictionaries. I. Bernhardt, Rudolf, 1925II. Max-Planck-Institut fur ausliindisches offentliches Recht und Volkerrecht (Heidelberg, Germany) 341'.03 81-939 JXI226.E5 AACR2 PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS INTRODUCTORY NOTE The 92 articles in the sixth instalment of the Encyclopedia of Public International Law are devoted to regional organizations, regional cooperation and regional problems. A number of articles which relate to several subject areas are included elsewhere in the most appropriate instalment. Thus, decisions of international tribunals on regional disputes (e.g. the Arbitral Award of 1906 Case (Honduras v. Nicaragua)) are dealt with in Instalment 2, historical regional questions (see the History of the Law of Nations: Regional Developments articles) in Instalment 7 and geographical issues (e.g. Aaland Islands) in Instalment 12. To facilitate the use of the Encyclopedia, two kinds of cross-references are used. Arrowmarked cross-references in the articles themselves refer ~o other entries, and are generally inserted at the first relevant point in an article (e.g. The case was submitted to the -- International Court of Justice). For other topics for which a separate entry might be expected but which are discussed elsewhere or under a heading which does not immediately suggest itself, the title of the topic appears in the alphabetical sequence of articles with a cross-reference to the article where it is discussed (e.g. INQUIRY see Fact-Finding and Inquiry). At the end of each instalment there is an updated list of articles for the entire Encyclope