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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 4 USE OF FORCE· WAR AND NEUTRALITY PEACE TREATIES
(N-Z)
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Rudolf Dolzer, Dr. iur., S.J.D. (Harvard) Robert E. Hollweg, J.D. (Univ. of Michigan) Kevin J. Madders, LL.B. (London), Barrister Ann Rustemeyer, M.A. (Oxon.), Dip. Lib. (Univ. of N.S.W.) Anne M. Trebilcock, J.D. (Berkeley)
EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE FOR TIllS INSTALMENT
Jonathan Ignarski, M.A. (Cantab.), Barrister Alfred M. de Zayas, J.D. (Harvard), Dr. phil. (Univ. of Gottingen)
The articles in this Encyclopedia should be cited (until publication of the final edition) according to the folJowing example: H.-J. Schlochauer, Arbitration, in: Bernhardt (ed.), Encyclopedia of Public International Law [Instalment 1 (1981) p. 13]
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR COMPARATIVE PUBLIC LAW AND INTERNATIONAL LAW UNDER THE DIRECTION OF RUDOLF BERNHARDT
ADVISORY BOARD RUDOLF L. BINDSCHEDLER· THOMAS BUERGENTHAL· KARL DOEHRING JOCHEN ABR. FROWEIN· GUNTHER JAENICKE . HERBERT MIEHSLER HERMANN MOSLER· FRITZ MUNCH· DANIEL P. O'CONNELL t KARLJOSEF PARTSCH· PIERRE PESCATORE· HENRY G. SCHERMERS ULRICH SCHEUNER t· HANS-JORGEN SCHLOCHAUER· MAX S0RENSEN t HELMUT STREBEL
4 USE OF FORCE· WAR AND NEUTRALITY PEACE TREATIES (N-Z)
19~2
NORTH-HOLLAND PUBLISHING COMPANY AMSTERDAM· NEW YORK •OXFORD
© NORm-HOLLAND PUBLISIDNG COMPANY -1982 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any fonn or by any means, electronic mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.
ISBN: 0444 86234 x
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NORm-HOLLAND PUBLISIDNG COMPANY AMSTERDAM· NEW YORK· OXFORD
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Main entry under title: Encyclopedia of public intemationallaw. Issued in parts. Includes index. 1. International law - Dictionaries. I. Bernhardt, Rudolf, 1925ll. Max-Planck-Institut fUr auslindisches offentliches Recht und Volkerrecht (Heidelberg. Germany) JXI226.E5 341'.03 81-939 AACR2
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INTRODUCTORY NOTE The articles in the third and fourth instalments of the Encyclopedia of Public International Law are devoted to the field of hostile inter-State relations and associated questions: the use of force, war, neutrality and peace treaties. Here, as in other instalments, articles which relate to several subject areas are included in the instalment to which they have their closest connection; for example, although "economic coercion" does concern hostile inter-State relations, it is included in inst-alment 8 which deals, inter alia, with international economic relations. Relevant decisions of international courts and arbitral tribunals are contained in the second instalment. Articles considered to have a primarily historical significance and which deal with wars and peace treaties prior to 1900 will be contained in the seventh instalment, whose subject-matter will include, inter alia, the history of the law of nations. The fourth instalment includes 105 articles bearing titles beginning with the letters N-Z; those with initial letters A-M appeared in the third instalment. In order to enable the reader to use the Encyclopedia to the fullest extent, two types of cross-references are used. Arrow-marked cross-references in the texts of articles refer to other entries (e.g. The case was submitted to the -. International Court of Justice) and are generally inserted at the first relevant point in an article. When a specific topic might be expected to be dealt with under a certain title but is discussed either under a different head