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Making Religion, Making the State combines cutting-edge perspectives on religion with rich empirical data to offer a challenging new argument about the politics of religion in modern China. The volume goes beyond extant portrayals of the opposition of state and religion to emphasize their mutual constitution. It examines how the modern category of "religion" is enacted and implemented in specific locales and contexts by a variety of actors from the late nineteenth century until the present. With chapters written by experts on Buddhism, Protestantism, Catholicism, Daoism, Islam, and more, this volume will appeal across the social sciences and humanities to those interested in politics, religion, and modernity in China.
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Making Religion, Making the State
Making Religion, Making the State The Politics of Religion in Modern China
e dite d by yoshiko ashiwa and david l. wank
Stanford University Press Stanford, California
Stanford University Press Stanford, California © 2009 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Stanford University Press. Printed in the United States of America on acid-free, archival-quality paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Making religion, making the state : the politics of religion in modern China / edited by Yoshiko Ashiwa and David L. Wank. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-8047-5841-3 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn 978-0-8047-5842-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Religion and state—China. 2. Religion and politics— China. 3. China—Religion. I. Ashiwa,Yoshiko, 1957– II. Wank, David L., 1957– bl65.s8m35 2009 322'.10951090511—dc22 2008043090
Contents
Acknowledgments vii 1. Making Religion, Making the State in Modern China: An Introductory Essay Yoshiko Ashiwa and David L.Wank 1 2. The Politics of Religion: Late-Imperial Origins of the Regulatory State Timothy Brook 22 3. Positioning Religion in Modernity: State and Buddhism in China Yoshiko Ashiwa 43 4. The Catholic Pilgrimage to Sheshan Richard Madsen and Lizhu Fan 74 5. Pathways to the Pulpit: Leadership Training in “Patriotic” and Unregistered Chinese Protestant Churches Carsten T. Vala 96 6. Institutionalizing Modern “Religion” in China’s Buddhism: Political Phases of a Local Revival David L.Wank 126 7. Islam in China: State Policing and Identity Politics Dru C. Gladney 151 8. Further Partings of the Way: The Chinese State and Daoist Ritual Traditions in Contemporary China Kenneth Dean 179
9. Expanding the Space of Popular Religion: Local Temple Activism and the Politics of Legitimation in Contemporary Rural China Adam Yuet Chau 211
vi Contents
Character List
Contributors Index
10. The Creation and Reemergence of Qigong in China Utiraruto Otehode 241
281
267 278
Acknowledgments
we are indebted to many people whose commitment to this work, both intellectually and practically, made the publication of our book possible. The chapters you are about to read draw upon anthropology, history, political science, religious studies, and sociology. We were fortunate enough to bring all of these perspectives together at Stanford University in 2004 with the support of an Association of Asian Studies China and Inner Asia Research Conference Grant. We would like to thank Jean Oi for giving us access to Stanford’s superb facilities, and to C