ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRON PHYSICS VOLUME 32 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME A. E. Bell William C. Erickson David L. Feinstein V. L. Granatstein Frank J. Kerr D. L. Misell L. W. Swanson Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics EDITED BY L. MARTON Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Assistant Editor CLAIRE MARTON EDITORIAL BOARD E. R. Piore T. E. Allibone M. Ponte H. B. G . Casimir W. G . Dow A. Rose L. P. Smith A. 0. C. Nier F. K. Willenbrock VOLUME 32 1973 ACADEMIC PRESS New York and London COPYRIGHT 0 1973, BY ACADEMIC PRESS,INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. N O PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION 1N WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road. London N W l LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 49-7504 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii ix FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and Observations in Radio Astronomy WILLIAM C . ERICKSON A N D FRANK J . KERR I. Introduction . . . . . I1. Radio Astronomy Techniques III . Radio Observations . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 22 60 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Angular and Energy Distributions for Electron Scattering . . . Image Formation by the Elastic Componcnt . . . . . . . . Image Formation by the Inelastic Component . . . . . . . V . Incoherent Theory of Image Formation . . . . . . . . . VI . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix: Deconvolution of Two-Dimensional Data . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Addendum to References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 66 112 158 165 179 183 187 191 Image Formation in the Electron Microscope with Particular Reference to the Defects in Electron-Optical Images D . L . MISELL I. I1 . I11 . I V. . Recent Advances in Field Electron Microscopy of Metals L . W . SWANSON A N D A E . BELL . 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1 . Theoretical Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. Surface Adsorption . . . . VI . Emitter Surface Rearrangement . VII . Technological Advances . . . Appendix . . . . . . . 111 Techniques 1V. Clean Surface Characteristics References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I' 194 194 212 223 258 277 283 296 304 vi CONTENTS Multiple Scattering and Transport of Microwaves in Turbulent Plasmas V . L. GRANATSTEIN AND DAVID L. FEINSTEIN I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1 Derivation of the Radiative Transport Equation . . . . 111 Applications and Model Calculations . . . . . . . 1V Comparison of Experimental Results and Model Calculations V . Briefsummary . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AUTHORINDEX SUBJECT INDEX . . .