E-Book Content
ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRON PHYSICS VOLUME 32
CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME A. E. Bell William C. Erickson David L. Feinstein V. L. Granatstein Frank J. Kerr D. L. Misell L. W. Swanson
Advances in
Electronics and Electron Physics EDITED BY L. MARTON Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Assistant Editor CLAIRE MARTON
EDITORIAL BOARD E. R. Piore T. E. Allibone M. Ponte H. B. G . Casimir W. G . Dow A. Rose L. P. Smith A. 0. C. Nier F. K. Willenbrock
VOLUME 32
1973
ACADEMIC PRESS
New York and London
COPYRIGHT 0 1973, BY ACADEMIC PRESS,INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. N O PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION 1N WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER.
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
111 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003
United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road. London N W l
LIBRARY OF
CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 49-7504
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 32 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vii
ix
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Technology and Observations in Radio Astronomy WILLIAM C . ERICKSON A N D FRANK J . KERR
I. Introduction . . . . . I1. Radio Astronomy Techniques III . Radio Observations . . . References . . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
1 2 22 60
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Angular and Energy Distributions for Electron Scattering . . . Image Formation by the Elastic Componcnt . . . . . . . . Image Formation by the Inelastic Component . . . . . . . V . Incoherent Theory of Image Formation . . . . . . . . . VI . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix: Deconvolution of Two-Dimensional Data . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Addendum to References . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
64 66 112 158 165 179 183 187 191
Image Formation in the Electron Microscope with Particular Reference to the Defects in Electron-Optical Images D . L . MISELL I. I1 . I11 . I V.
.
Recent Advances in Field Electron Microscopy of Metals L . W . SWANSON A N D A E . BELL
.
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1 . Theoretical Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . V. Surface Adsorption . . . . VI . Emitter Surface Rearrangement . VII . Technological Advances . . . Appendix . . . . . . . 111 Techniques
1V. Clean Surface Characteristics
References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I'
194 194 212 223 258 277 283 296 304
vi
CONTENTS
Multiple Scattering and Transport of Microwaves in Turbulent Plasmas V . L. GRANATSTEIN AND DAVID L. FEINSTEIN I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1 Derivation of the Radiative Transport Equation . . . . 111 Applications and Model Calculations . . . . . . . 1V Comparison of Experimental Results and Model Calculations V . Briefsummary . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
AUTHORINDEX SUBJECT INDEX
. . .