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This volume deals with the origins and evolution of the Islamic institution of pious endowments in al-Andalus and provide us with a complete review of relevant issues such as the structure of economic property, the idea of charity, the concept of general or common interest and the social and juridical role of men of religion.
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TILL GOD INHERITS THE EARTH
THE MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN IBERIAN WORLD EDITORS
Larry J. Simon (Western Michigan University) Gerard Wiegers (Radboud University Nijmegen) Arie Schippers (University of Amsterdam) Donna M. Rogers (Dalhousie University) Isidro J. Rivera (University of Kansas) VOLUME 31
TILL GOD INHERITS THE EARTH Islamic Pious Endowments in al-Andalus (9-15th Centuries) BY
ALEJANDRO GARCÍA SANJUÁN
LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007
On the cover: Arabic inscription commemorating the restoration of a Sevilian mosque's minaret under the supervision of the ߧÈib al-aÈb§s Abå #Umar b. •ayyib (472 h/1079) Courtesy of Cabildo de la Iglesia del Divino Salvador de Sevilla and R. Valencia. This book was published with financial support of the University of Huelva.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data García Sanjuán, Alejandro. [Hasta que Dios herede la tierra English.] Till God inherits the earth : Islamic pious endowments in al-Andalus (9 - 15th centuries) / Alejandro García Sanjuán. p. cm. — (Medieval and early modern Iberian World ; v. 31) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-90-04-15358-5 ISBN-10: 90-04-15358-6 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Charitable uses, trusts, and foundations (Islamic law)—Spain. 2. Waqf—Spain—History. 3. Spain—History— Sources. I. Title. II. Series. KKT526.G3713 2006 346.46’064—dc22 2006049273
ISSN 1569-1934 ISBN-13: 978-90-04-15358-5 ISBN-10: 90-04-15358-6 © Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands
Surely We shall inherit the earth and all that are upon it, and unto Us they shall be returned Qur"àn, XIX, 40 Trans. A.J. Arberry And Zachariah—when he called unto his Lord, ‘O my Lord, leave me not solitary; though Thou art the best of inheritors’ Qur"àn, XXI, 89 Trans. A.J. Arberry It should be known that history is a discipline that has a great number of approaches. Its useful aspects are very many. Its goal is distinguished Ibn Khaldùn, al-Muqaddima Trans. F. Rosenthal
CONTENTS
Preface and Acknowledgements ................................................ Glossary of Arabic Terms ........................................................
ix xi
Chapter 1 Chapter 2
1
Sources used .................................................... The use of Islamic jurisprudence as a documentary source ........................................ Chapter 3 Origins and early development of the institution .......................................................... Chapter 4 The Legal Framework: general elements of donations .......................................................... Chapter 5 The family or private a˙bàs ............................ Chapter 6 The aims of pious a˙bàs ..........................