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Encyclopedia of African American History introduces readers to the significant people, events, sociopolitical movements, and ideas that have shaped African American life from earliest contact between African peoples and Europeans through the late 20th century.This encyclopedia places the African American experience in the context of the entire African diaspora, with entries organized in sections on African/European contact and enslavement, culture, resistance and identity during enslavement, political activism from the Revolutionary War to Southern emancipation, political activism from Reconstruction to the modern Civil Rights movement, black nationalism and urbanization, and Pan-Africanism and contemporary black America. Based on the latest scholarship and engagingly written, there is no better go-to reference for exploring the history of African Americans and their distinctive impact on American society, politics, business, literature, art, food, clothing, music, language, and technology.
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Encyclopedia of
AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY
Encyclopedia of
AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY
Leslie M. Alexander and Walter C. Rucker, Editors
Copyright 2010 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of African American history / Leslie M. Alexander and Walter C. Rucker, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-85109-769-2 (alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-85109-774-6 (ebook) 1. African Americans—History—Encyclopedias. 2. African Americans—Biography—Encyclopedias. I. Alexander, Leslie M. II. Rucker, Walter C., 1970– E185.E544 2010 973'.0496073—dc22 2009051262 14
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This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116–1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Printed in the United States of America
Contents
About the Editors, vii Contributor List, ix List of Entries, xxi Preface, xxix Acknowledgments, xxxi Introduction, xxxiii
ENTRIES, 1 Index, I-1
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About the Editors
Leslie M. Alexander, Ph.D., is associate professor of history at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Her published works include African or American?: Black Identity and Political Activism in New York City, 1784–1861.
Walter C. Rucker, Ph.D., is associate professor of African American and African studies at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. His published works include The River Flows On: Black Resistance, Culture, and Identity Formation in Early America.
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Contributor List
Jeffrey S. Ahlman PhD Candidate, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
Jessica Noelle Apuzzo MA Candidate, Sarah Lawrence College Bronxville, New York
Thomas Aiello University of Louisiana at Lafayette Lafayette, Louisiana
Thabiti A. Asukile University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio
Efua S. Akoma PhD Candidate, Virginia Tech University Blacksburg, Virginia
James L. Baggett Birmingham Public Library Birmingham, Alabama
Jane M. Aldrich South Carolina Historical Society Charleston, South Carolina
Julius H. Bailey University of Redlands Redlands, California
Leslie M. Alexander The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio
Lori Baptista PhD Candidate, Northwestern Univ