практикум по английскому языку (по истории англии средних веков)

ÌÈÍÈÑÒÅÐÑÒÂÎ ÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈß ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÎÉ ÔÅÄÅÐÀÖÈÈ ÂÎËÃÎÃÐÀÄÑÊÈÉ ÃÎÑÓÄÀÐÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÉ ÓÍÈÂÅÐÑÈÒÅÒ Â.À. Ïèëèïåíêî, Ò.À. Áîáðîâà ÏÐÀÊÒÈÊÓÌ ÏÎ ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÎÌÓ ßÇÛÊÓ (Ïî èñòîðèè Àíãëèè Ñðåäíèõ âåêîâ) Âîëãîãðàä 2001 ÁÁÊ 81.432.1ÿ73 Ï32 Ðåöåíçåíòû: ä-ð ôèëîñ. íàóê, ïðîô. Í.Â. Îìåëü÷åíêî; êàíä. ôèëîë. íàóê, äîö. Å.È. Çàéöåâà; êàíä. ôèëîë. íàóê êàôåäðû ëèíãâèñòèêè è ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîììóíèêàöèè Âîëãîãðàäñêîé àêàäåìèè ãîññëóæáû, äîö. Ë.Â. Ñòîëáîâàÿ Ïå÷àòàåòñÿ ïî ðåøåíèþ ó÷åíîãî ñîâåòà ôèëîëîãè÷åñêîãî ôàêóëüòåòà ÂîëÃÓ (ïðîòîêîë ¹ 11 îò 17.05.99 ã.) Ïèëèïåíêî Â.À., Áîáðîâà Ò.À. Ïðàêòèêóì ïî àíãëèéñêîìó ÿçûêó (ïî èñòîðèè Àíãëèè Ï32 Ñðåäíèõ âåêîâ). — Âîëãîãðàä: Èçäàòåëüñòâî Âîëãîãðàäñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, 2001. — 60 ñ. ISBN 5-85534-393-6 Äàííûé ïðàêòèêóì ïðåäíàçíà÷àåòñÿ äëÿ èñòîðèêîôèëîñîôñêîãî ôàêóëüòåòà. Ïîñîáèå ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü äëÿ àóäèòîðíîé è ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîé ðàáîòû ñòóäåíòîâ II è III êóðñîâ. Ïîñîáèå ñîäåðæèò òðåíèðîâî÷íûå óïðàæíåíèÿ äëÿ çàêðåïëåíèÿ ïîëó÷åííûõ çíàíèé. ISBN 5-85534-393-6 © Â.À. Ïèëèïåíêî, Ò.À. Áîáðîâà, 2001 © Èçäàòåëüñòâî Âîëãîãðàäñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, 2001 2 ÂÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ Íàñòîÿùåå ïîñîáèå ïîñâÿùåíî èñòîðè÷åñêèì ñîáûòèÿì, ïðîèñõîäèâøèì â Àíãëèè â ðàííèé ïåðèîä Ñðåäíåâåêîâüÿ, è ñîñòîèò èç òðèíàäöàòè òåêñòîâ, êîòîðûå êàñàþòñÿ ïðîáëåì ðèìñêîãî, àíãëèéñêîãî è ñàêñîíñêîãî çàâîåâàíèé, ðàçâèòèÿ ôåîäàëèçìà â Àíãëèè, ïîÿâëåíèÿ ïåðâîãî ïàðëàìåíòà è çàêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íîðìàíñêèì çàâîåâàíèåì XIII â. Êðîìå òåêñòà, êàæäûé ðàçäåë âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ ñïèñîê òåðìèíîâ äëÿ çàïîìèíàíèÿ. Âñå òåðìèíû âíåñåíû â îòäåëüíûé ñëîâàðü â êîíöå ïîñîáèÿ. Çàòåì ñëåäóþò çàäàíèÿ, ïîçâîëÿþùèå çàêðåïèòü äàííóþ â êàæäîé ãëàâå ëåêñèêó, ïðîâåðèòü ñòåïåíü ïîíèìàíèÿ òåêñòà è ñäåëàòü êðàòêîå èçëîæåíèå. Öåëü íàñòîÿùåãî ïîñîáèÿ — ôîðìèðîâàíèå ó ñòóäåíòîâ-èñòîðèêîâ óìåíèÿ ÷èòàòü íàó÷íóþ ëèòåðàòóðó íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿ çûêå è âåñòè áåñåäó ïî ñïåöèàëüíîñòè.  îñíîâó òåêñòîâ ïîëîæåí àäàïòèðîâàííûé ìàòåðèàë êíèãè Äåéâà Ìîðãàíà «Êðàòêàÿ èñòîðèÿ áðèòàíñêîãî íàðîäà». 3 ÏÐÅÄÈÑËÎÂÈÅ / INTRODUCTION EARLY BRITAIN Britain has been many centuries in making. The Romans conquered most of Britain, but were unable to subdue the fiercely independent tribes in the west. And far north, further waves of invaders follow Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Normans. All these contributes to the mixture we call English. For many centuries this country was known simply as English and this historical study must deal first with the development of England. Much has been said and written about the British character. This attitude is summed up in the legendary story of a headline which is supposed to have appeared one morning in «The Times», as follows: Fog Stops Cross-Channel Traffic. Continent Isolated. Even if this story is not true, it certainly ought to be. Traditionally, the British have also been known as superior, snobbish, aloof, hypocritical and unsociable. The traditional opinion about the British or the English in earlier centuries was based on the habits of those Britons who could afford to travel: the diplomats and merchants. The qualities so justly criticized by observers in other countries were the qualities of the upper class. Not the hypocricy and dishonesty were British monopolies. On the contrary, every exploiting class in history has shared these characteristics. But the rules of Britain have been in a position where these qualities were more obvious. Britain was for centuries the premier trading nation, the first capitalist country, the workshop of the world, and the centre of an empire upon which , it was proudly claimed, the sun never set.