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UNDERSTAIiDDg7 AND USINC
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ENGTI$.. GRAMMAR Third Edition
CHARTBOOK A ReferenceGrqmmqr
Betty SchrarnPfer Azar
Editorial director: Allen Ascher Executive editor: Louisa Hellegers Development editor: Janet Johnston Director of design and production: Rhea Banker Associate director of electronic publishing: Aliza Greenblatt Managing editor: Shelley Hartle Electronic production editors: Rachel Baumann, Nicole Dawson Associate art director: Carey Davies Manufacturing manager: Patrice Fraccio Production manager: Ray Keating Manufacturing buyer: Edith Pullman Illustrator: Don Martinetti
@ 2000 by Betty SchrampferAzar
Publishedby PearsonEducation 10 Bank Street,White Plains,N.Y. 10606
All rightsreserved.No part of this book may be reproduced,in any form or by any means,without permissionin writing from the publisher. Printedin the United Statesof America 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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D a : F A C E T O T H E TEHDIIRTD ION A C K N O W L E D G M,E. .N T S
.......ix .....Xi
C^opter I OVERVIEW OFVERB TENSES I-1 I-2 I-3 1.4 I-5 l-6
THESIMPLETENSES THEPROGRESSIVETENSES... THEPERFECTTENSES THEPERFECTPROGRESSryETENSES.. SUMMARYCHARTOFVERBTENSES. SPELLING OF -INGAND -ED FORIvIS.
........I .....2 ..,...3 .,,.,....3 ......4 . . . . . .6
Cropter 2 PRESENT ANDPASISIMPLE ANDPROGRESSTVE 2-I SIMPIJPRESENT 2-2 PRESENTPROGRESSIVE 2-3 STATIVEVERBS.. 2-4 AMIISIAREBEING+ADIECTIVE 2-5 REGUI-ARANDIRREGUL.\RVERBS 2-6 REGUI-ARVERBS:PRONIINCIATIONOF-EDENDINGS 2 - 7 I R R E G I - I L A R V E R B S : A N A L P H A B E T I C A L L I S. T 2-8 TROUBLESOMEVERBS:RAISEIRISE,SET1SIT,L/tytLIE 2.9 SIMPLEPAST. 2 - I OP A S T P R O G R E S S I \ ' E 2-I1 USING PROGRESSIVEVERBS\XTITH ALWAYSTO COMPI"{IN . . . 2-12 USING EXPRESSIONSOF PI-ACEIJTITH PROGRESSIVEVERBS
.....7 .....7 .....8 .....9 .......10 ........ ll ......... t2 .........t4 .......14 ........15 ., . . . . . . 16 . . . . 16
Chopter3 PERFECT ANDPERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES 3.1 3-2 3-3 3-4
PRESENTPERFECT. PRESENTPERFECTPROGRESSIVE PASTPERFECT.. PASTPERFECTPROGRESSIVE
.....,.,17 ........18 ....19 .....I9
Chopter4 FUTURE TIME 4-r 4-2 4-3 4-4
SIMPLE FUTURE: I./IIZAND BE GOINGTO . . . WILLvs. BE GOINGTO. . . EXPRESSINGTHE FUTURE INTIME CI-AUSES USINGTHE PRESENT PROGRESSIVEANDTHE SIMPLE PRESENT TOEXPRESSFUTURETIME. 4-5 FUTUREPROGRESSIVE 4-6 FUTUREPERFECT 4-7 FUTUREPERFECTPROGRESSryE....
20 2l 22 ......22 ...,.23 .........23 .,..23
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TENSTS' Chopter5 ADVERB CLAUSES OFTIMEANDREVIEW OFVERB 5-I 5-2
.Y. .. ADVERB CLAUSESOFTIME: FORIVT USINGADVERB CI-AUSESTO SHOIrTIME REI-ATIONSHIPS
. .. .. . .24 . . . . .25
AGREEMENT Chopter6 SUBJECT-VERB 6-L 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5
F I N A L - S i - E S ; U S E , P R O N U N C I A T I O N , A \ I D S P E T I I N G. . BASIC SUBIECT-VERB AGREEMENT . SUBIECT-VERBAGREEMENT: USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY SUBIECT-VERB AGREEMENT: USING THERE + BE . S U B T E C T - V E R B A G R E E M E N T : S O M E I R R E G U I - A R I T I E. S
......26 . . . . . . . . . 28 . . . .28 .......29
Chopter7 NOUNS 7-I REGUI-ARANDIRREGUI-ARPLURALNOUNS 7-2 POSSESSIVENOI,\IS 7-3 USINGNOUNSASMODIFIERS.. 7-4 COUNTANDNONCOLINTNOUNS 7-5 NONCOI.INTNOLINS 7-6 SOtvtECOMMON NONCOUNT NOUNS 7-7 BASICARTICLEUSAGE 7-8 GENERAL GUIDELINES FORARTICLE USAGE 7-9 EXPRESSIONSOFQUANTITY 7-10 USINGIFEITAND FEW;ALITTLEAIJD LITTLE 7-11 USING OF rN EXPRESSTONSOF QUANTTTY 7-r2ALL (OF)ANDBOTH(OF) 7 - 1 3 S I N G U I - A R E X P R E S S I O NO SF Q U A N T I T Y : O N E ,E A C H , E V E R Y
....30 .....,.,31 .........3I ...,...32 .......32 . . . . 33 ,....34 . . . ,35 ......35 .......36 . . . . . .36 ........37 ........37
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