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US aid interventions have greatly advantaged some countries in their quest for development, but not others. The extensive development assistance that the United States government granted Taiwan and South Korea in their development and the aid recently given Costa Rica were important factors in their development successes. On the other hand, the inappropriate policies of the US in Vietnam in the fifties, El Salvador in the eighties and Nicaragua in the nineties, programmed these interventions to economic as well as political failure.
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US Economic Development Policies towards the Pacific Rim Successes and Failures of US Aid
Nan Wiegersma and Joseph E. Medley
US Economic Development Policies towards the Pacific Rim
Also by Nan Wiegersma THE WOMEN, GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT READER (editor with Nalini Visvamathan, Laurie Nisonoff and Lynn Duggan) VIETNAM: Peasant Land, Peasant Revolution
US Economic Development Policies towards the Pacific Rim Successes and Failures of US Aid Nan Wiegersma Professor of Economics Fitchburg State College
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Joseph E. Medley Associate Professor of Economics University of Southern Maine Portland
First published in Great Britain 2000 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0–333–67014–0 hardcover ISBN 0–333–80451–1 paperback First published in the United States of America 2000 by ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 0–312–23129–6 ISBN 0–312–23130–X Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wiegersma, Nancy. US economic development policies towards the Pacific rim : successes and failures of US aid / Nan Wiegersma and Joseph E. Medley. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–312–23129–6 (cloth) — ISBN 0–312–23130–X (pbk.) 1. Pacific Area—Economic conditions. 2. Asia—Economic conditions. 3. Economic assistance, American—Pacific Area. 4. Economic assistance, American—Asia. I. Medley, Joseph E. II. Title. HC681 .W54 2000 338.91'7301823—dc21
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© Nan Wiegersma and Joseph E. Medley 2000 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 09
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Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire
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To our children Nan’s daughter, Chandra Hancock Joe’s sons, Patrik Medley and Niklas Caner-Medley
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Contents List of Tables and Figures
viii
Preface
ix
Acknowledgements
xi
1
Aid and development
1
2
Successes and failures: US aid in the postwar era
16
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Agriculture in Taiwan and South Korea
35
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Industrialization in Ta