Transfer Of Nuclear Technology Under International Law

Transfer of Nuclear Technology under International Law Transfer of Nuclear Technology under International Law Case Study of Iraq, Iran and Israel By Namira Negm LEIDEN • BOSTON 2009 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Opinions expressed in the present series reflect the views of the author alone and cannot be ascribed to organizations for which the author currently works or has worked previously. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Negm, Namira. Transfer of nuclear technology under international law : case study of Iraq, Iran and Israel / by Namira Negm. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 978-90-04-17527-3 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Nuclear nonproliferation–Middle East. 2. Nuclear-weapon-free zones–Middle East. 3. Nuclear energy–Government Policy–Israel. 4. Nuclear energy–Government Policy–Iraq. 5. Nuclear energy–Government Policy–Iran. I. Title. KZ5770.N44 2009 341.7'340956–dc22 2009017263 ISBN 978 90 04 17527 3 Copyright 2009 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands To my parents Nabil Negm and Nadia Diab CONTENTS Acronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter One. Benefits and Costs of Using Nuclear Technology for Peaceful Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Technology: (Application of Nuclear Techniques and Nuclear Power) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial and Economic Considerations for Acquiring Nuclear Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future of Nuclear Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter Two. Transfer of Nuclear Technology for Peaceful Purposes under International Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atoms for Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adoption of npt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . section one. transfer of nuclear technology under npt rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obligation to Transfer Nuclear Technology for Peaceful Uses . . Obligation to Share Peaceful Applications of Nuclear Explosions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-Diversion and Disarmament Obligat