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This volume contains review articles covering a broad range of topics in image processing and analysis. The topics covered include image analysis - which has united and harmonized a host of heterogeneous material; contemporary approaches to the Fourier transform; number theoretic transforms, which are particularly attractive for discrete, finite signals; the use of the Wigner distribution - which encodes both spatial and spectral information, for image filtering; and applications of the concept of information energy. These up-to-date surveys are intended to provide the reader with access to the latest results in the extremely active field of image science.
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ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRON PHYSICS VOLUME 50
CONTRIBUTORS TO THISVOLUME
James E. Brittain Bernard S. Finn Pierre Grivet Henning F. Harmuth M. Stanley Livingston C. Marton L. Marton Charles Susskind A. Van Der Ziel
Advances in
Electronics and Electron Physics EDITEDBY L. MARTON A N D C . MARTON Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C.
EDITORIAL BOARD T. E. Allibone E. R. Piore H. B. G. Casimir M. Ponte A. Rose W. G. Dow A. 0. C. Nier L. P. Smith F. K. Willenbrock
VOLUME 50
1980
ACADEMIC PRESS A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
New York
London Toronto Sydney San Francisco
COPYRIGHT @ 1980, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER.
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United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 IDX
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER:
ISBN 0-12-014650-9 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
80 81 82 83
98 7 65 432 1
49-1504
CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PUBLISHER’S FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FOREWORD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ARTICLESTO APPEARI N FUTUREVOLUMES . . . . . . . . . . . .
vii
ix xi xiii
Early History of Particle Accelerators M . STANLEYLIVINGSTON I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1 . 111. 1V . V. VI . VII . V1t1.
Origins of Accelerators . . . . Direct Voltage Accelerators . . Resonance Acceleration . . . . The Betatron . . . . . . . Synchronous Accelerators . . . Linear Accelerators . . . . . Alternating Gradient Accelerators LX . Storage Rings and Colliding Beams References . . . . . . . .
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2 7 11 22 34 38 48 65 82 85
Sixty Years of Electronics PIERREGRIVEII . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1. Prewar Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. Developments and Seeds Sown during World War 11 . . . . . . . IV . Postwar Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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89 91 106
124 164
165
Thermoelectricity
BERNARD S. FINN
I . A New Phenomenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. Experimental Tests of Thermodyn