The Making Of Modern Europe, 1648-1780

THE MAKING OF MODERN EUROPE, 1648–1780 ‘Clearly written, well-structured and substantial.’ The History Teacher ‘Basic facts are used skilfully as a foundation on which to build an informative structure of enlightened discussion and criticism… can be recommended confidently to students.’ History Teaching Review ‘New and exciting material is covered…the latest trends of modern scholarship as well as new conclusions and reevaluations of past theories are included… very well-written.’ Choice THE MAKING OF MODERN EUROPE, 1648– 1780 Geoffrey Treasure LONDON AND NEW YORK First published in 1985 by Methuen & Co. Ltd Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York NY 10001 This edition first published 2003 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledges’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 1985, 2003 Geoffrey Treasure All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been applied for ISBN 0-203-42598-7 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-44530-9 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-30155-6 (Print Edition) TO ALEXANDRA CONTENTS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 List of maps Introduction to the 2003 edition Preface THE EUROPEAN WORLD EARLY CAPITALISM GOD AND MAN ADVENTURES OF MIND AND IMAGINATION QUESTIONS OF AUTHORITY DIPLOMACY AND WAR LOUIS XIV’S FRANCE LOUIS XV SPAIN AND PORTUGAL GERMAN EMPIRE, AUSTRIAN STATE THE RISE OF PRUSSIA HOLLAND SCANDINAVIA POLAND RUSSIA RUSSIA AFTER PETER THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Index vii viii xii 1 51 74 102 142 161 193 250 280 316 360 390 416 444 463 488 506 523 LIST OF MAPS 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 4.1 7.1 9.1 10.1 10.2 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 European frontiers in 1640 Europe in the early seventeenth century: population Germany: loss of population in the Thirty Years War Towns and economic life, 1640–1780 Europeans in Asia Changing frontiers in Enlightened Europe The ancien régime in France Habsburg Spain Europe at the time of the War of the Spanish Succession Hungary and the Turkish frontiers, 1600–1718 The growth of Brandenburg-Prussia, 1648–1772 The Dutch Republic in the second half of the seventeenth century Scandinavia, 1600–1721 Eastern Europe, 1640–1795 1 4 8 62 65 106 193 281 318 336 362 390 416 445 INTRODUCTION TO THE 2003 EDITION In his collection of the most significant international treaties between 1648 and the year of its publication, 1773, the abbé de Mably offered the view that the treaties between nations had come to be endowed with the same authority as the civil legislation of individual states. Historians of Europe soon learn to be wary of such pronouncements. The abbé’s optimism was grounded in a perceived stability in interstate relations. But he was looking at Europe from the French windows of the Enlightenment. Poles, for example, victims of the previous year’s partition, would have another perspective. There would soon be a quite different view from the windows of the Jacobin Club in Revolutionary Paris, different again from Napoleon’s Malmaison. Dealing with the same period, starting with the comprehensive peace of Westphalia, ending before the French Revolution brought instability and Napoleon created a new but sh