Advances in MARINE BIOLOGY VOLUME 51 This page intentionally left blank Advances in MARINE BIOLOGY Edited by ALAN J. SOUTHWARD Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, United Kingdom DAVID W. SIMS Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, United Kingdom AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright ß 2006, Elsevier Ltd. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of a chapter in this book indicates the Publisher’s consent that copies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (www.copyright.com), for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Copy fees for pre-2006 chapters are as shown on the title pages. If no fee code appears on the title page, the copy fee is the same as for current chapters. 0065-2881/2006 $35.00 Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (þ44) 1865 843830, fax: (þ44) 1865 853333, E-mail: [email protected] You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting ‘‘Support & Contact’’ then ‘‘Copyright and Permission’’ and then ‘‘Obtaining Permissions.’’ For information on all Academic Press publications visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com ISBN-13: 978-0-12-026152-9 ISBN-10: 0-12-026152-9 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 06 07 08 09 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 51 CAROLIN E. ARNDT, School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; University Center on Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway; World Climate Research Programme, Geneva, Switzerland ELENA GUIJARRO GARCIA, Marine Research Institute, Reykjavı´k, Iceland ANDREW JEFFS, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Newmarket, Auckland, New Zealand JEFFREY M. LEIS, Ichthyology, Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia MARK MEEKAN, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Northern Territory, Australia JOHN C. MONTGOMERY, Leigh Marine Laboratory and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand STEPHEN D. SIMPSON, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom KERRIE M. SWADLING, School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia CHRIS TINDLE, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand v This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SERIES CONTENTS FOR LAST TEN YEARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .