ADVANCES IN Applied Microbiology VOLUME 36 This Page Intentionally Left Blank ADVANCES IN Applied Microbiology Edited by SAUL L. NEIDLEMAN Vacaville, California ALLEN I. LASKIN Somerset, New Jersey VOLUME 36 Academic Press, Inc. Horcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright 0 1991 BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press, Inc. San Diego, California 92101 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS LIMITED 24-28 Oval Road, London NWI 7DX Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: ISBN 0-12-002636-8 (alk. paper) PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 91929394 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 59- 13823 CONTENTS Microbial Transformations of Herbicides and Pesticides DOUGLAS J . CORKAND JAMES P . KRUEGER I. Introduction ....................................................... I1. History of Microbial Conversions..................................... I11 Entry and Movement of Herbicides in the Environment ................ IV Taxonomy of Degradative Organisms ................................. V. Kinetics of Biodegradation by Microorganisms ........................ VI . Factors Affecting Biodegradation Kinetics ............................. VII . Biochemical Mechanisms of Aerobic Chloroaromatic Metabolism ....... VIII . Cometabolism ...................................................... IX Biochemical Mechanisms of Anaerobic Aromatic Metabolism ........... X. Molecular Biology of Degradative Microorganisms ..................... XI . Molecular Biology of Chloroaromatic Degradation ..................... XI1 Dicamba Biodegradation: A Case Study ............................... XI11 Growth Kinetics in Liquid Culture ................................... References ......................................................... . . . . . 1 2 4 5 7 10 21 29 32 36 37 44 49 63 An Environmental Assessment of Biotechnological Processes M . S . THAKUR. M . J . KENNEDY.AND N . G . KARANTH I . Introduction ....................................................... I1. Ecological Consequences of the Release of Microorganisms ............. 111 Risk Assessment .................................................... IV Case Studies ....................................................... V. The Regulation of Biotechnological Processes ......................... VI . Conclusions ........................................................ References ......................................................... . . 67 69 73 75 80 82 83 Fate of Recombinant Escherichia coli K-12 Strains in the Environment GREGGBOGOSIANAND JAMES F. KANE . Introduction ....................................................... I I1. I11. IV. V. VI . Construction and Properties of pBR322 ............................... Fate of E. coli and Related Organisms in Water ........................ Fate of E. coli and Related Organisms in Soil .......................... Fate of E . coli and Related Organisms in Sewage ....................... Fate of E . coli K-12in the Mammalian Intestinal Tract .................. V 87 89 100 104 108 1