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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANCIENT LITERATURE 鵷鵸 James Wyatt Cook
For our newest granddaughter, Shaina Anne Cook
鵷鵸
Encyclopedia of Ancient Literature Copyright © 2008 by James Wyatt Cook All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cook, James Wyatt. Encyclopedia of ancient literature / James Wyatt Cook. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8160-6475-5 (hc : alk. paper) 1. Literature, Ancient—Encyclopedias. I . Title. PN621.C66 2008 809'.1—dc22 2
007016016
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CONTENTS 鵷鵸 Ac know ledg ments
v
Introduction v
ii
Writers Covered, by Language of Composition x
i
Authors’ Time Line
xv
Entries A to Z
1
Selected Bibliography 69
1
Index
695
ACKNOWLEDG MENTS 鵷鵸 Markovich, J ennie Thomas, C laudia D iaz, Pa t Engleter, M ary Koch, B ev Br ankovich, Y vette Eddy, and Marilyn Kniburys for their enthusiastic cooperation and encouragement. The Re verend D r. L eon W hite ga ve c areful consideration to the entries on the Bible and provided crucial feedback that signiĀcantly improved them; any lingering deĀciencies are mine. Professor Em eritus R obert G . Henricks of D artmouth kindly p ointed m e in t he dir ection o f t he b est available sources for Ālling in at least some of the gaps i n my k nowledge of a ncient Chinese l iterature. He also led me to understand that, owing to archeologists’ recent discoveries of early and hitherto l ost v ersions of C hinese t exts, this is t he golden age of the study of ancient Chinese literature. As a lways, too, I a m i ndebted to my blood brother, P. Lal, poet, translator, a nd publisher i n Kolkata, I ndia, f or i lluminating ancient I ndian letters f or m e, e specially w ith h is ma gniĀcent verse t ranslations of t he Mahabharata and the Bhagavad Gita. I w ish a lso to r emember bo th t he la te E mily Stern, who taught me Latin and with whom I read Cicero a nd Vi rgil, a nd t he u nflappably patient Mary E. McKinney, with whom I labored at Greek. I a m a lso de eply i ndebted to t he h undreds of editors, translators, and writers whose books
Large projects need lot s of help. As is always the case, my principal hel per o n t his b ook ha s b een my spouse of a short 54 years, Barbara Marie Collier Cook. My Ārst line editor and sometime coauthor, she reads my screed with patience and even with enthusiasm. This tome is a more readable and better book because of her attention a nd suggestions. My editor at Facts On File, Jeff Soloway, has steadied me throughout the process of bringing a book this size to fruition. So has my agent, Jodie Rhodes, w ho i n t he c ourse o f representing me professionally h as a lso b ecome my f riend. I c annot praise enough the principal copy editor of this tome, E lin Woodger. Her a ttention to de tail a nd pursuit of e xcellence h as ma ny t imes c orrected matters o f f act a nd