Cross National Policies And Practices On Computers In Education (technology-based Education Series)

CROSS NATIONAL POLICffiS AND PRACTICES ON COMPUTERS IN EDUCATION Technology-Based Education Series VOLUME 1 Series Editor Ronald E. Anderson, University of Minnesota, USA Editorial Board Guillenno Asper, University of Brasilia, Brazil Henry J. Becker, University of California, Irvine, USA Betty CoUis, University ofTwente, The Netherlands Andris Grinfelds, University of Latvia, Latvia Gunter Haider, University of Salzburg, Austria David Hawkridge, Open University, United Kingdom Unna Huh, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Beverly Hunter, Bolt Beranek and Newman, Boston, USA Colin Latchem, Curtin University, Perth, Australia Ronald Ragsdale, OISEIUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Canada Gavriel Salomon, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel Decker Walker, Stanford University, USA Ryo Wantanabe, National Institute for Educatinal Research, Tokyo, Japan The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume. Cross National Policies and Practices on Computers in Education Edited by TJEERD PLOMP Faculty of Educational Science & Technology ^ University ofTwente, The Netherlands RONALD E. ANDERSON Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, USA. and GEORGIA KONTOGIANNOPOULOU-POLYDORIDES Department of Education, University ofPatras, Greece WKAP ARCHIEF ff KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON A CLP. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 0-7923-4217-8 Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programmes of D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Printed in the Netherlands FOREWORD This book presents some of the results from the second stage of lEA's study of Computers in Education (CompEd). lEA, the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, conducts international comparative studies focussing on educational achievement, practices, and policies in various countries and education systems around the world. It has a Secretariat located in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. lEA studies have reported on a wide range of topics, each contributing to a deeper understanding of educational processes. The CompEd study is a project that sheds light on the way computers have been introduced in education and on how they are being used across the world today. The study proceeded in two stages with data collected for stage 1 in 1989 and for stage 2 in 1992. Results from both stages have been published in a variety of publications. This book reports about a special part of the study. Student achievement and school processes come into being in the context