E-Book Overview
Authors Steven and Susan Zumdahl offer all the elements instructors need for their general chemistry course. They bring a conceptual approach to chemistry and integrate problem-solving skills throughout, helping students transition from theory to practice. A strong emphasis on models, real-world applications, and visual learning prevails throughout the text. The Seventh Edition seamlessly integrates the strengths of the Zumdahl approach through a comprehensive and interwoven print and technology program. Enhanced Sample Exercises, online homework problems, and Classroom Response System content help instructors assess conceptual understanding and problem-solving skills, while new animations and images support visual learning. In addition, Houghton Mifflin offers implementation services through our TeamUP program to help instructors and students get the most out of the text and its supplements.
E-Book Content
Chemistry Seventh Edition
Steven S. Zumdahl University of Illinois
Susan A. Zumdahl University of Illinois
Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New York
Executive Editor: Richard Stratton Developmental Editor: Rebecca Berardy Schwartz Senior Project Editor: Cathy Labresh Brooks Editorial Assistant: Susan Miscio Senior Art & Design Coordinator: Jill Haber Composition Buyer: Chuck Dutton Manufacturing Coordinator: Renee Ostrowski Senior Marketing Manager: Katherine Greig Marketing Assistant: Naveen Hariprasad
Cover image: Masaaki Kazama/Photonica
Photo credits: Page A39.
Copyright © 2007 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Houghton Mifflin Company unless such copying is expressly permitted by federal copyright law. Address inquiries to College Permissions, Houghton Mifflin Company, 222 Berkeley Street, Boston, MA 02116-3764.
Printed in the U.S.A.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2005929890
Student edition: ISBN 13: 978-0-618-52844-8 ISBN 10: 0-618-52844-X Instructor’s Annotated Edition: ISBN 13: 978-0-618-52845-5 ISBN 10: 0-618-52845-8 Advanced Placement edition: ISBN 13: 978-0-618-71370-7 ISBN 10: 0-618-71370-0 123456789-WEB-09 08 07 06 05
Contents
To the Professor ix To the Student xv
3.3 The Mole
1 Chemical Foundations 1 1.1 Chemistry: An Overview
3.4 Molar Mass
2
5
■ CHEMICAL IMPACT A Note-able Achievement 7 ■ CHEMICAL IMPACT Critical Units! 8
1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Units of Measurement 8 Uncertainty in Measurement 10 Significant Figures and Calculations Dimensional Analysis 16 Temperature 19
3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9
13
3.10 Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant 106 For Review 113 • Key Terms 113 • Questions and Exercises 115
25
For Review 29 • Key Terms 29 • Questions and Exercises 30
2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 38 2.1 The Early History of Chemistry
39
■ CHEMICAL IMPACT There’s Gold in Them There Plants! 40
2.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws 41 2.3 Dalton’s Atomic Theory 43 2.4 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom
45
■ CHEMICAL IMPACT Berzelius, Selenium, and Silicon 46
2.5 The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction 49 ■ CHEMICAL IMPACT Reading the History of Bogs 51
2.6 Molecules and Ions 52 2.7 An Introduction to the Periodic Table
55
■ CHEMICAL IMPACT Hassium Fits Right in 57
2.8 Naming Simple Compounds
Percent Composition of Compounds 89 Determining the Formula of a Compound 91 Chemical Equations 96 Balancing Chemical Equations 98 Stoichiome