ADVANCES IN GENETICS VOLUME 20 Contributors to This Volume Ursula K. Abbott Mulkh R. Ahuja John R. McCarrey Vedpal Singh Malik Elizabeth S. Russell C h ristop h Sc ho It issek George D.Snell lndra K. Vasil Vimla Vasil ADVANCES IN GENETICS VOLUME 20 Edited by E. W. CASPARI Department of Biology University of Rochester Rochester, New York 1979 ACADEMIC PRESS A Subsidiary NEW YORK SAN FRANCISCO LONDON of Harcourt Brace Jouanouich, Publishers COPYRIGHT @ 1979, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. N O PART O F THIS PUBLICATION MAY B E REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR hlECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM T HE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS,INC. 11 1 Fifth Avenue, N e w York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London N W 1 7DX LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER:47-30313 ISBN 0-12-017620-3 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES O F AMERICA 79808182 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Contributors to Volume 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erratum vii ix Influenza Virus Genetics CHRISTOPH SCHOLTISSEK Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nomenclature and Structure of Influenza Viruses . . The Segmented Genome of Influenza Viruses . . . . Base Sequence Studies on Individual RNA Segments . Synthesis of Viral RNA and Its Regulation . . . . Temperature-Sensitive Mutants . . . . . . . . Assignment of RNA Segments to Gene Functions . . Genetic Basis for the Antigenic Variability of Influenza IX . Some Practical Applications . . . . . . . . . . X . Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. I1. I11. IV . V. VI . VII . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3 4 6 7 12 13 21 27 28 Genetics of Applied Microbiology VEDPAL SINGHMALIK Introduction . . . . . Screening Methods . . Mutagenesis . . . . . Mutants . . . . . . Gene Dosage . . . . . New Gene Combinations Strain Stability . . . . VIII . Antibiotic Synthesis . . IX . Epilogue . . . . . . References . . . . . I. I1. 111. IV . V. VI . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 . . . . 40 . . . . 44 . . . . 46 . . . . 65 . . . . . 68 . . . . 85 . . . . 89 . . . . 101 . . . . 101 Plant Tissue Cultures in Genetics and Plant Breeding INDRA K . VASIL.MULKHR. AHUJA.AND VIMLAVASIL I. I1. I11. IV. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rapid Clonal Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tissue Culture and Haploidy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plant Protoplasts in Genetics and Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . V 127 128 138 151 vi V. VI . VII . VIII . CONTENTS Direct Transformation by Exogenous DNA . Tissue Cultures and Nitrogen Fixation . . . Tissue Cultures and Germ Plasm Preservation Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 . . . . . . . . . . 168 . . . . . . . . . . 173 . .