Chemistry Of New Materials (new Chemistry)

Chemistry of New Materials DAVID E. NEWTON icnmfm.indd i 8/6/07 12:42:01 PM Chemistry of New Materials Copyright © 2007 by David E. Newton All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 ISBN-10: 0-8160-5278-6 ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-5278-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Newton, David E. Chemistry of new materials / David E. Newton. p. cm.—(New chemistry) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-5278-6 1. Materials—Popular works. 2. Chemistry, Technical—Popular works. I. Title. TA403.2.N49 2007 620.1'1—dc22 2006035943 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by James Scotto-Lavino Illustrations by Anja Tchepets Project editing by Dorothy Cummings Printed in the United States of America MP CGI 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. icnmfm.indd ii 8/6/07 12:42:04 PM One Last Time . . . for John McArdle, Lee Nolet, Richard Olson, David Parr, David Rowand, Jeff Williams, and John D’Emilio Thanks for the memories! ◆ icnmfm.indd iii 8/6/07 12:42:04 PM icnmfm.indd iv 8/6/07 12:42:04 PM ◆ CONTENTS Preface Introduction 1 vii ix THE EVOLUTION OF MATERIALS Early Materials The Birth of Modern Chemistry and the Discovery of New Materials John Wesley Hyatt (1837–1920) New Metals on Demand Sir Henry Bessemer (1813–1898) The Future of Materials Research 1 1 5 10 12 14 18 2 COMPOSITES The Nature of Composites Composites in Nature Composites in Human History Advanced Composites Stephanie Kwolek (1923– ) Applications of Advanced Composites Owens-Corning Fiberglas® 20 20 22 24 25 26 32 36 3 BIOMATERIALS History of Biomaterials Tissue Engineering Ioannis V. Yannas (1935– ) Replacement Parts Artificial Blood Thomas Chang (1933– ) 40 41 45 48 52 62 63 v icnmfm.indd v 8/6/07 12:42:04 PM icnmfm.indd vi 4 NANOMATERIALS What Is Nanotechnology? Richard Feynman (1918–1988) Drexlerian Nanotechnology Reactions to Drexler Nanotechnology K. Eric Drexler (1955– ) Risks and Benefits of Nanotechnology Nanotechnology Research Tools Results of Nanoscale Research 5 SMART MATERIALS What Are Smart Materials? Types of Smart Materials Piezoelectric and Electrostrictive Materials Magnetostrictive Materials Electrorheological and Magnetorheological Effects Jacob Rabinow (1910–1999) Shape Memory Alloys Photochromism Intelligent Gels Toyoichi Tanaka (1946–2000) 105 106 109 110 120 125 126 130 136 141 142 6 NEW POLYMERS Polymers from Addition Reactions Polymers from Condensation Reactions Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers Recent Developments in Polymer Science Conductive Polymers Hideki Shirakawa (1936– ) Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers Synthetic Proteins David A. Baker (1962– ) 149 151 154 159 162 162 164 170 178 186 68 69 70 73 76 78 80 81 93 CONCLUSION 190 Glossary Bibliography Index 193 201 205 8/6/07 12:42:05 PM ◆ PREFACE T he subject matter covered in introductory chemistry classes at the middle and high