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This work examines three disputed issues in the study of Q, the hypothetical source common to the Gospels of Matthew and Luke: its existence; its unity as a document; and the plurality of its wording. It evaluates the arguments for and against the existence of Q and concludes that some form of the Q hypothesis is necessary. It presents new evidence that most of the Q material existed as a single written source unified by recurring features of style and theme. Finally, it argues that differences between Matthew and Luke in the wording of Q were caused most often when one Evangelist replaced or combined Q with parallel material from another source.
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Rethinking the Gospel Sources Volume 2: The Unity and Plurality of Q
Early Christianity and Its Literature Gail R. O’Day, General Editor Editorial Board Warren Carter Beverly Roberts Gaventa Judith M. Lieu Joseph Verheyden Sze-kar Wan
Number 1 Rethinking the Gospel Sources Volume 2: The Unity and Plurality of Q
Rethinking the Gospel Sources Volume 2: The Unity and Plurality of Q
by
Delbert Burkett
Society of Biblical Literature Atlanta
Rethinking the Gospel Sources Volume 2: The Unity and Plurality of Q
Copyright © 2009 by the Society of Biblical Literature
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permitted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to the Rights and Permissions Office, Society of Biblical Literature, 825 Houston Mill Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Burkett, Delbert Royce. Rethinking the Gospel sources. Volume 2, The unity and plurality of Q / by Delbert Burkett. p. cm. — (Society of Biblical Literature early Christianity and its literature ; no. 1) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 978-1-58983-412-5 (paper binding : alk. paper) 1. Two source hypothesis (Synoptics criticism) 2. Q hypothesis (Synoptics criticism) I. Title. II. Title: Unity and plurality of Q. BS2555.52.B86 2009b 226.'066—dc22 2009017569
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Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................vii Abbreviations...........................................................................................................ix Abbreviations and Symbols in Tables....................................................................x 1. The Necessity of Q.............................................................................................1 2. Q: Unity or Plurality?......................................................................................33 3. The Core of Q...................................................................................................51 4. Other Q in the Double Tradition...................................................................61 5. Q Material Unique to One Gospel................................................................69 6. The Original Order of Q.................................................................................87 7. Causes of Verbal Disagreement in Q Parallels.............................................93 8. Combination of Q with the Markan Source...............................................113 9. Combination of Q with M............................................................................135 10. Comb