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This unified approach to the study of wear in mechanical systems concentrates on the methods of physical analysis and the applications of these techniques. This is then illustrated by a discussion of specific tribosystems. The first part of the book provides a thorough introduction to physical analysis that prepares the reader to understand subsequent discussion of applications. Although the description of systems is not exhaustive, the treatment and the theory is universal and will therefore be relevant to individual case studies. Tribologists from a wide variety of disciplines as well as researchers in physics, chemistry, metallurgy and mechanical engineering will benefit from this text.
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Physical analysis for tribology
Physical analysis for tribology Terence F. J. Quinn Professor of Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Science United States International University (European Campus) Bushey, Hertfordshire
The right of the University of Cambridge to print and sell all manner of books was granted by Henry VIII in 1534. The University has printed and published continuously since 1584.
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge New York
Port Chester
Melbourne
Sydney
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521326025 © Cambridge University Press 1991 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1991 This digitally printed first paperback version 2005 A catalogue recordfor this publication is available from the British Library ISBN-13 978-0-521-32602-5 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-32602-8 hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-01963-7 paperback ISBN-10 0-521-01963-X paperback
Contents page
1
2
3
4
Preface
vii
Nomenclature list
ix
Tribology 1.1 Definitions of common tribological terms 1.2 Frictional behaviour of materials 1.3 Lubrication between surfaces in relative motion 1.4 The wear of sliding and rolling surfaces 1.5 Concluding remarks on the relevance of physical analytical techniques for tribology
1 1 9 19 22
Macroscopic physical techniques 2.1 Optical microscopy and optical interferometry 2.2 Transmission electron microscopy of replicas of surfaces 2.3 Profilometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 2.4 Electrical capacitance and resistance 2.5 Magnetic perturbation techniques 2.6 Macroscopic techniques for monitoring oil-lubricated machinery (with special emphasis on 'ferrography') 2.7 Concluding remarks regarding the importance of macroscopic physical techniques to tribology
35 35 50 56 64 67
34
77 80
Microscopic physical techniques for studying atomic arrangement 3.1 Basic crystallography 3.2 X-ray diffraction techniques 3.3 Electron diffraction methods 3.4 Concluding remarks regarding the importance of microscopic techniques for studying the atomic arrangements in tribo-elements
82 82 98 123 146
Microscopic techniques for studying atomic structure 4.1 Optical spectra 4.2 X-ray spectra 4.3 Electron probe microanalysis 4.4 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 4.5 Auger electron spectroscopy 4.6 Other microscopic techniques 4.7 Concluding remarks
148 148 153 166 175 190 200 201
Contents
5
6
7
The analysis of lubricant films 5.1 The analysis of extreme-pressure lubricant films