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How does a scientist go about solving problems? How do scientific discoveries happen? Why are cold fusion and parapsychology different from mainstream science? What is a scientific worldview? In this lively and wide-ranging book, Gregory Derry talks about these and other questions as he introduces the reader to the process of scientific thinking. From the discovery of X rays and semiconductors to the argument for continental drift to the invention of the smallpox vaccine, scientific work has proceeded through honest observation, critical reasoning, and sometimes just plain luck. Derry starts out with historical examples, leading readers through the events, experiments, blind alleys, and thoughts of scientists in the midst of discovery and invention. Readers at all levels will come away with an enriched appreciation of how science operates and how it connects with our daily lives. An especially valuable feature of this book is the actual demonstration of scientific reasoning. Derry shows how scientists use a small number of powerful yet simple methods--symmetry, scaling, linearity, and feedback, for example--to construct realistic models that describe a number of diverse real-life problems, such as drug uptake in the body, the inner workings of atoms, and the laws of heredity. Science involves a particular way of thinking about the world, and Derry shows the reader that a scientific viewpoint can benefit most personal philosophies and fields of study. With an eye to both the power and limits of science, he explores the relationships between science and topics such as religion, ethics, and philosophy. By tackling the subject of science from all angles, including the nuts and bolts of the trade as well as its place in the overall scheme of life, the book provides a perfect place to start thinking like a scientist.
E-Book Content
WHAT SCIENCE IS AND HOW IT WORKS
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WHAT SCIENCE IS AND HOW IT WORKS GREGORY N. DERRY
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY
Copyright 1999 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, Chichester, West Sussex All Rights Reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Derry, Gregory Neil, 1952– What science is and how it works / Gregory N. Derry. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-691-05877-6 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Science. I. Title. Q158.5.D47 1999 500—dc21 99-17186 CIP This book has been composed in Sabon The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R1997) (Permanence of Paper) http://pup.princeton.edu Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Disclaimer: Some images in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook.
To Paula and Rebecca
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CONTENTS
PREFACE ix PROLOGUE
What Is Science? 3 PART I. EXPLORING THE FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE: HOW NEW DISCOVERIES ARE MADE IN THE SCIENCES 9 CHAPTER 1
A Bird’s Eye View: The Many Routes to Scientific Discovery 11 CHAPTER 2
Nature’s Jigsaw: Looking for Patterns As a Key to Discovery 26 CHAPTER 3
New Vistas: Expanding Our World with Instrumentation 35 CHAPTER 4
Close, But No Cigar: Discrepancies As a Trigger to Discovery 42 CHAPTER 5
Ingredients for a Revolution: Thematic Imagination, Precise Measurements, and the Motions of the Planets 52 PART II. MENTAL TACTICS: SOME DISTINCTIVELY SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES TO THE WORLD 67 CHAPTER 6
A Universe in a Bottle: Models, Modeling, and Successive Approximation 69 CHAPTER 7
Thinking Straight: Evidence, Reason, and Critical Evaluation 89 CHAPTER 8
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