Advances in MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY This Page Intentionally Left Blank Advances in MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY Edited by A. H. ROSE School of Biological Sciences Bath University England and D . W . TEMPEST Laboratorium voor Microbiologie Universiteit van Amsterdam Amsterdam-C The Netherlands VOLUME 12 1975 ACADEMIC PRESS ,ONDON NEW YORK SAN FRANCISCO A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road London NWI Vnited States Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. 11 1 Fifth Avenue New York, New York 10003 Copyright 0 1976 by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. All Rights Reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any forni by photostat, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publishers Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 67-19850 ISBN: 0 12-027712-3 PRINTED I N GREAT BRITAIN BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS LIMITED LONDON, COLCHESTER AND BECCLES Contributors t o Volume 12 W. A. HAMILTON, Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Marischal College, University of Aberdeen, Scotland I. B. HOLLAND,Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester L E I 7 R H , England H. E. KUBITSCHEK, Division of Biological and Medical Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, U.S.A. J. G. MORRIS,Department of Botany and Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, The University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, SY23 3 D A , Wales TATSUO MATSUSHITA, Division of Biological and Medical Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, U.S.A. N. SHAW,Microbiological Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, N E l 'IRU, England This Page Intentionally Left Blank Contents Energy Coupling in Microbial Transport W. A. HAMILTON T. Introduction . . 2 . 2 TTT. Enzyme-Catalysed Reaction and Carrier-Nediated Transport . A. Kinetics versus Thermodynamics . . B. Scalar versus Vectorial . . C. Group-Transfer Reactions : Active Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation . . 4 IT. The Permease Model TV. TheRedoxModel A. Criticisms . . . V. The Chemiosmotic Hypothesis of Energy Transduction A. Vectorial Metabolism and Group Translocation B. The Protonmotive Force C. ProtonSymports . D. Uncouplers and Ionophores . E. Lipid-Soluble Ions F. Protonmotive Force in Micro-Organisms . . . VIIL Other Transport Mechanisms A. Periplasmic Binding Proteins . IX. Transport as a Site of Cellular Control X. Concluding Remarks XI. Acknowledgements . . . . . . G 8 . . . . . . . . . . vii 10 11 12 13 15 19 20 21 21 28 29 38 40 . . . 40 40 43 . . 44 44 . . . . References 5 . VI. The Chemiosmotic Model of Transport . A. ProtonSymports . B. Involvement of Ions Other Than Protons C. Transport Driven by Artificially Induced Gradients of pH Value and Potential . . D. Adenosine Triphosphatase and Electron-Transportl Mutants E. Conclusions . . VTI. Group Translocation and Transport A. The Phosphotransferase System B. Other Group Translocations . 4 5 45 48 48 48 ... Vlll CONTENTS Physiology of Colicin Action 1. B. HOLLAND I. Introduction . 11. Colicin Production and Col Factors . 111. Nature of Colicins . A. Chemistry . B. Molecular Architecture . C. Function and Structure IV. Colicin Receptors . A. Localization B. Isolation and Properties V. Formation