Advances in MARINE BIOLOGY VOLUME 14 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Advances in MARINE BIOLOGY VOLUME 14 Edited by SIR FREDERICK S. RTJSSELL Plymouth, England and SIR MAURICE YONGE Edinburgh, Scotland Academic Press London New York San Francisco A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jouanouich, Publishers 1976 ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24-28 OBAL ROAD LONDON N W 1 7DX U.X. Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. 111 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK, NEW YORK Copyright 10003 0 1976 by Academic Press Inc. (London) Ltd. All rights reserved NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED I N ANY FORM BY PHOTOSTAT, 1LIICROFIL111, OR ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS Library of Congress Catalog Card Murnber: 63-14040 ISBN: 0-12-026114-6 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY THE WHITEFRIARS PRESS LTD. LONDON AND TONBRIDGE CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 14 S . BONOTTO, Department of Radiobiology, C.E.N.-X.C.K., 2400 Mol, Belgium. D. H. CUSHINC, Fisheries Laboratory, Lowestoft, Suffolk, England. R. R. DICKSON, Fisheries Laboratory, Lowestoft, Suffolk, England. C . EDWARDS, Dunstaffnage Marine Research Laboratory, Oban, Argyll, Xcotland. P. LURQUIN,Department of Radiobiology, C.2Z.N.- X.C.K., 2400 Mol, Belgium. A. MAZZA,International Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, C.N.R., Naples, Italy. J . S. RYLAND,Department of Zoology, University College of Swansea, Wales. This Page Intentionally Left Blank CONTENTS COXTRIBUTORS TO VOLVME 14 .. .. .. .. .. v The Biological Response in t h e Sea t o Climatic Changes D. H. CUSHING AND R . R. DICKSON .. 2 11. Climatic Controls and Characteristics .. .. .. .. .. .. .. A. The Temperate Westerlies B. Planetary Waves in the Upper Westerlies (Rossby .. .. .. .. .. Waves) . . .. C. Geographical Controls on Planetary Waves . . .. D. Effects of Planetary on Surface Weather .. .. .. Systems .. .. .. E . Anomalies of Atmospheric Behaviour in the Temperate .. .. .. Zone .. .. .. .. .. F. The Causes of Long-term TjC'eather Anomalies .. .. G. Time and Space Scales of SST Anomalies .. .. .. H. Feedback .. .. .. .. .. .. I . Teleconnections . . .. .. J . Tropical and Subtropical TTind Systems .. .. .. .. .. K. Upwelling .. .. .. L. Seasonal Variations of Upwelling .. .. .. 3 5 I. 1nt)roduction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. *. .. 111. Climatic Variation .. .. .. A. Ultra Long-term Changes in the General Atmospheric .. .. .. Circulation .. .. .. B. Recent Inter-decadal Changes of Climate .. .. .. .. .. C. Inter-annual Variations .. D. Within-year Variations (non-seasonal) .. .. .. .. .. E. Preliminary Discussion .. . . I?. Climatic Variation in Mid- to Low-latitudes . . .. G. Aperiodic Variations of Equatorial Upwelling Vll 6 8 10 11 13 16 20 24 25 26 28 29 29 33 40 46 49 50 51 ... COSTESTS Vlll IV. The IVarming in the Thirties and Early Fortics . . .. .. .. A. Introduction .. .. B. The Rise of the Greenland Cod Fishery .. C. The Penetration of High Latitudes in the Atlantic .. .. .. the Thirties .. .. D. Northward Movements in the Pacific . . .. E. Events in the Western English Channel .. .. .. F. Intertidal Organisms . . .. .. .. G. Discussion .. .. .. 17. The Biological Effects of Climatic Changes . . .. .. A. Introduction .. .. B. The Effect of Cold Winters .. .. C. Changes in the Baltic . . .. .. D. Recruitment to the Fish Stocks .. .. E. Ecosystem Changes .. .. .. F. Conclusion .. .. .. ..