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This volume of a series concerned with experimental social psychology deals in particular with self-interest in social and political attitudes, a terror management theory of social behaviour, the psychological functioning of self-esteem, and mood and persuasion.
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ADVANCES IN
EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
VOLUME 24
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ADVANCES IN
Experimental Social Psychology EDITED BY
Mark P. Zanna DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO WATERLOO, ONTARIO, CANADA
VOLUME 24
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Harcourt Brace Jouanouich, Publishers San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto
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Copyright 0 199 I BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher
Academic Press, Inc. San Diego, California 92101 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS LIMITED 24-28 Oval Road, London NW 1 7DX
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 64-23452
ISBN
0-12-015224-X (alk. paper)
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 91
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CONTENTS
Contributors
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ix
The Role of Self-Interest in Social and Political Attitudes David 0. Sears and Carolyn L. Funk I. 11. 111. IV. V.
VI. VII. VIII. M. X.
TheIdeaofSelf-Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Social Psychology of Self-Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . Alternatives to Self-Interest Self-Interest in Everyday Life . . . . . . . The Minimal Effects of Self-Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In Further Pursuit of the Effects of Self-Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Possible Facilitating Conditions . . . . , . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Critiques of the Research Why Doesn’t Self-Interest Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 4 12 15 22 49 58 64 71 76 80
A Terror Management Theory of Social Behavior: The Psychological Functions of Self-Esteemand Cultural Worldviews Sheldon Solomon, Jeff Greenberg, and Tom Pyszczynski I. 11. 111.
IV. V. VI. VII.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Unique Needs of the Cultural Animal . . . The Dual-Component Cultural Anxiety Buffer: and Self-Esteem .. The Development nc Individual ............................................. The Architecture of Terror Management: The Relationship between the Fear of Death and Other Sources of Anxiety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Implications of Conceptualizing Self-Esteem as a Cultural Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary Statement of Terror Management T V
93 95 97 98 101 103 105
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CONTENTS
VIII .
Dc. X. XI. XI1. XI11. XN . XV. XVI .
A Terror Management Analysis of Social Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Experimental Literature on Self-Esteem Maintenance: Consequences of Acute Threats to the Cultural Anxiety Buffer . . . . . . . . The Correlational Literature on Self-Esteem: Consequences of Long-Term Deficiencies in the Cultural Anxiety Buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . .