Advances in PA RASlTOLOGY VOLUME 9 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Advances in PARASITOLOGY Edited by BEN DAWES Professor Emeritus, University of L o d n VOLUME 9 ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. IHarcourl B r a t r IovanovIc h, Publishrrrl London Orlando San Diego New York Toronto Montreal Sydney Tokyo ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. Berkeley Square House Berkeley Square London, W1X 6BA U.S. Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Orlando, Florida 32887 Copyright 0 1971 by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON)LTD AN rights reserved No part of this book may be reprodud in any form by photostat, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publishers Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 62-22124 ISBN: 0-12-031709-5 PRINTEDINTHE UNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA 85 86 87 88 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 9 *EDER L. HANSEN,Clinical Pharmacology Research Institute, Berkeley, California, U.S.A. (p. 227) I. G. HORAK,MSD ( P T Y )LTD, 142 Pritchard Street, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa (p. 3 3 ) W. GRANTINCLIS,South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 (P. 185) J. B. JENNINCS, Department of Zoology, University of Leeds, England (p. 1) THOMAS A. MILLER, Jensen-Salshery Laboratories, Division of RichardsonMerrell Inc., Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A. (Q. 153) RALPHM ULLFR, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WCI, England (p. 73) *PAULH. SILVERMAN, Department of Zoology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A. (p. 227) * Authors in the section “Short Rrvicus” V This Page Intentionally Left Blank PREFACE This volume contains reviews on various topics by experts, working in Leeds and London, England; Urbana, Illinois and Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A.; Johannesburg, South Africa; and Adelaide, South Australia. J. B. Jennings has written about Parasitism and Commensalism in Turbellaria, Ivan G. Horak on Paramphistomiasis of Domestic Ruminants, Ralph Muller on Dracunculus and Dracunculiasis (hitherto known as Dracontiasis), Thomas A. Miller on Vaccination against the Canine Hookworm Diseases, and W.Grant Inglis on Speciation in Parasitic Nematodes. In the one updated review, Paul H. Silverman has been assisted by Miss Eder L. Hansen in dealing with in vitro Cultivation Procedures for Parasitic Helminths. The origins of parasitism in helminths may be sought in turbellarians, for in every one of the five orders commonly recognized some representatives live in close association with other animals, mainly echinoderms, crustaceans and molluscs but less commonly annelids, sipunculids, xiphosura and coelenterates, teleost fishes and elasmobranchs, not to mention other turbellarians. Turbellaria participating in these close partnerships belong to at least 27 families, and only freshwater and terrestrial triclads are entirely freeliving in habit. Notably, these associations often show host-type specificity, related forms of a single family tending to associate with one type of host, as most Umagillidae associate with echinoderms. However, in only a few out of many such associations are the turbellarians truly parasitic, the majority living as commensals, Parasitic turbellarians do not represent the climax of commensalism and Temnocephalids entered into an ancient association with crustaceans without developing parasitism. However, the wide variety of associations with other animals range from ecto- and endo-commensalism to true parasitism, and Jennings takes the five great groups of Turbellaria in turn in considering such relationships in some detail. The salient emergent conclusion is that remarkably few turbellarians are parasitic in the usually accepted sense of the term; most of them are Rhabdocoela such as the gene