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Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere
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Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere Theory, Experiments, and Applications
Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts Department of Chemistry School of Physical Sciences University of California, Irvine Irvine, California
James N. Pitts, Jr. Department of Chemistry School of Physical Sciences University of California, Irvine Irvine, California
@ ACADEMIC PRESS A Harcourt Science and Technology Company
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Front cover photograph: Polar stratospheric clouds in the upper atmosphere seen from the NASA DC-8 aircraft at nearly 39,000 feet, north of Stavanger, Norway; the authors are grateful to NASA and O. B. Toon for providing this photograph. Photograph of breaking waves at "the Wedge," Newport Beach, California, and of multiple light beam reflections in aerosol chamber by J. N. Pitts, Jr. Back cover photograph: Image 9 1999 Photodisc, Inc. Dedication quote (facing page): All rights relating to the interest of Herman Hupfield in Canada and the reversionary territories are controlled by BIENSTOCK PUBLISHING COMPANY on behalf of REDWOOD MUSIC LTD. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright 9 2000 by ACADEMIC PRESS All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt Inc., 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida, 32887-6777.
Academic Press A Harcourt Science and Technology Company 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.apnet.com
Academic Press 24-28 Oval Road, London NWl 7DX, UK http://www.hbuk, co.uk/ap / Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 99-63218 International Standard Book Number: 0-12-257060-x PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 99 00 01 02 03 04 MM 9 8 7 6
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To our parents, Colin and Jean Finlayson and James and Esther Pitts, who, across gaps of a continent and time, imbued us with common interests in the environment, values reflecte